R v Sultana (No.7)

1. [1]

   On Monday 14 July 2025, Paul Jason Sultana (“the accused”) was arraigned before me on an Indictment dated that day.

2. [2]

   The accused was charged with the murder of Dayna Isaac (“the deceased”), on 16 January 2023, in the State of New South Wales. To this charge, he pleaded not guilty.

3. [3]

   On that day, at the request of the accused and with the consent of the Crown, for reasons which I delivered ex tempore, I made an order pursuant to s 132(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW), that the accused was to be tried before a judge alone, without a jury.

Procedural Background

1. [4]

   The accused was arrested on 17 January 2023 and remanded in custody. He has remained in custody since that time.

2. [5]

   The accused was committed for trial to this Court by the Local Court on 23 August 2024.

3. [6]

   Upon arraignment in this Court, the accused pleaded not guilty to the charge. He has at all times denied murdering the deceased.

4. [7]

   On Tuesday 8 July 2025 and Wednesday 9 July 2025, I heard and gave rulings on various interlocutory matters.

5. [8]

   As I was hearing the trial without a jury, it was possible to be flexible about the hearing arrangements, and to allow regular pauses or adjournments to enable senior counsel for the accused, and his solicitors, to consult with, and take instructions from, the accused during the running of the case.

6. [9]

   Additionally, it was clear to me that the accused was carefully following the proceedings and regularly took the opportunity to provide his counsel and solicitors with short instructions through passing hand-written notes to them.

7. [10]

   No issue was raised with me, nor was anything brought to my attention by counsel for either party, which suggested in any way that the accused was unfit to plead, nor that he was unable to follow the trial and provide instructions.

8. [11]

   On the afternoon of the second day of the trial, I adjourned the trial until what would otherwise have been the fourth day of the trial, because the accused said that viewing various photographs, which had been made available to him at his request, had caused him psychological upset. Having regard to the serious allegations which the accused was facing, it was important that he could follow the trial and give instructions which he felt able so to do.

9. [12]

   Notwithstanding this issue, I was, and continue to be, well satisfied that the accused was fit to plead, and was capable of, and did, fully instruct his solicitor and senior counsel about matters to be raised in his defence of the charge.

Crown Case – A Brief Overview

1. [13]

   The Crown case is that the accused, who was in an intimate relationship with the deceased, had a motive to kill the deceased; that he had the opportunity so to do; that he was heard at, and seen leaving, the deceased’s unit at the time of the murder; that he told his mother what he had done and took her back to the scene; that he then left the scene, burnt the deceased’s vehicle and then engaged in conduct, including intentionally misleading police, to avoid being implicated in the murder.

2. [14]

   Further, it is the Crown’s case that the accused, whilst in custody awaiting trial, made a number of admissions to Person A, a fellow prisoner, who was confined in the same unit as the accused.

3. [15]

   The Crown accepts that its case, although involving a contemporaneous witness who heard what was happening at the deceased’s unit when she was being assaulted and killed, and also saw the accused at that time, was substantially based on circumstantial evidence.

Case for the Accused – an Overview

1. [16]

   Senior counsel for the accused did not challenge in his opening that the evidence in the Crown case establishes that the deceased was murdered in her unit on 16 January 2023. He said:

2. [17]

   It is now convenient to briefly outline the case for the accused, keeping in mind at all times that the accused is not legally obliged to prove his innocence and that, at all times, the Crown bears the onus of establishing the guilt of the accused of the offence charged beyond reasonable doubt.

3. [18]

   The accused denies, and has at all times denied, having committed that murder.

4. [19]

   The accused accepts that he knew the deceased and was engaged in the early stages of an intimate relationship with her. He says that he loved her, and that he wanted to have a committed relationship with her.

5. [20]

   The accused’s case was that he was in possession of keys to the deceased’s unit and that he attended the unit on the morning of 16 January 2023. He let himself in and fell asleep on the couch whilst watching a movie on the television and awaiting the return of the deceased.

6. [21]

   The accused says that he was a sound sleeper and that he was deeply asleep until he was awoken by a loud bang. He called out to the deceased and then looked around the unit. He looked into her bedroom and saw her lying on the bed in an injured state. He collected his phone and charger and fled the scene, taking the keys to the deceased’s motor vehicle, a Toyota RAV4, registration number ANU 04E (“the RAV4”).

7. [22]

   The case for the accused is that the murder was perpetrated by an unknown third party during the period when the accused was asleep on the couch in the deceased’s unit, and that the Crown cannot disprove the reasonable possibility that this is so.

8. [23]

   He accepts that he did not contact police or an ambulance. He drove around in the RAV4 and, sometime after 2pm, contacted his mother. They returned to the deceased’s unit in the RAV4 but left shortly afterwards. He then, in a panic, burnt the RAV4 in bushland at Castlereagh, and burnt his shoes after returning to the Cranebrook property. He did so because he was convinced that he would be falsely blamed by the police for the murder, given his previous experiences with law enforcement.

9. [24]

   Speaking generally, the accused accepts that, at some time on Monday 16 January 2023, he did the various things which the Crown relies upon as evidence of consciousness of guilt, but asserts that those things were done out of panic and fear, rather than as an attempt to cover up the fact that he murdered the deceased.

10. [25]

    He denies ever speaking with Person A about anything to do with the charged offence.

11. [26]

    In a written note of the directions which the accused submitted should be given, senior counsel submitted that, notwithstanding the accused’s defence that he was not the murderer, the Court would nevertheless give a manslaughter direction on the basis that, if it found that the accused was the person responsible for the death of the deceased, it would be open to conclude that, at the relevant time, the accused was likely to have been so affected by drugs or alcohol which he had voluntarily ingested, that it could not be established beyond reasonable doubt that he held the necessary “… mens rea for murder of intent, or subjective foresight”, and so could only be found guilty of manslaughter.

Background and Context

1. [27]

   It is now appropriate to outline the events in greater detail in order to give context to this judgment.

2. [28]

   The accused was born in August 1990. At the time of the deceased’s death, the accused was 32 years old and was almost 35 years old at the time of the trial.

3. [29]

   The deceased was born in July 1994. She was the mother of two children who were 3½ years old and 15 months old, who lived with her at the time of her death. The deceased was 28 years old in January 2023.

4. [30]

   In January 2023, the accused lived at 22 Robinson Road, Cranebrook, with his grandfather, Basil Tsiliris (“the Cranebrook property”).

5. [31]

   The deceased lived at Unit 19/8-12 Colless Street, Penrith (“the deceased’s unit”). She had lived there since November 2022. The deceased’s unit was part of a complex of 30 units (“the unit complex”) spread over two or three floors with a basement level carpark.

6. [32]

   The deceased and Mikkel Isaac were married in November 2017. The younger brother of the accused, Nathan Sultana, was the best man at the wedding.

7. [33]

   It is evident that the accused and the deceased were known to each other for a significant period of time, prior to January 2023. The accused first met the deceased when he lived in a granny flat on a property which the deceased and Mr Isaac occupied briefly in 2018 after they were married.

8. [34]

   In March 2021, the deceased and Mr Isaac were arrested in relation to a number of drug supply, firearm supply and criminal group offences. As a consequence of those charges, Mr Isaac was in custody, bail having been refused, at the time the deceased was killed. In November 2022, the charges against the deceased, who had been granted bail, were finalised and she was thereafter subject to an Intensive Correction Order. At that point in time, the deceased and Mr Isaac separated.

9. [35]

   It became apparent that the deceased and the accused, sometime in November or December 2022, commenced a relationship. On Christmas Day 2022, the accused attended Christmas celebrations with the deceased at her mother’s house. Her mother, Deborah English, was present, as was the father of the deceased, Garry English, and the deceased’s two children.

10. [36]

    By early January 2023, the relationship between the accused and the deceased had become an intimate one, although the relationship was neither a stable, nor an established one.

11. [37]

    On Saturday 14 January 2023 (“the Saturday”), the accused stayed the night at the deceased’s unit, although it is not clear at what time he arrived at the deceased’s unit.

12. [38]

    During the day, on Sunday 15 January 2023 (“the Sunday”), in a conversation with her mother about the accused, the deceased told her mother that the accused did not have a key to her unit, but that he had started to move his belongings into her unit. The deceased told her mother that she did not want that because she did not want a relationship with the accused. She told the accused to remove his belongings from her unit.

13. [39]

    On Monday 16 January 2023 (“the Monday”), the deceased attended a trial shift at a workplace in Penrith at about 7.30am. The work trial was for a half-day, and she left that workplace shortly before 1.00pm. The workplace was near where she lived, and the deceased was observed returning to her unit in her motor vehicle shortly after 1.00pm.

14. [40]

    At about 1.10pm or so, a neighbour heard the sounds of an argument coming from within the deceased’s unit. She heard a male voice yelling and a female voice saying “Stop”. The neighbour heard a loud thud noise. She heard a male yelling and further thuds from within the unit. She heard the male yell “Shut up”. She heard the female say “Don’t”, followed immediately by “Stop”. Thereafter, the neighbour heard a very loud scream from a female’s voice. Nothing further was heard from within the deceased’s unit.

15. [41]

    A short time later, the accused was observed, by that neighbour, leaving the deceased’s unit and walking down the stairs to the basement level carpark, where he accessed the deceased’s RAV4 and drove away.

16. [42]

    At about 2.10pm, the accused telephoned his mother, Janet Tsiliris, and said to her, “It’s bad. It’s bad. It’s bad”. The accused and his mother met up. His mother thought that the accused was acting “really erratic and manic”. She was driven by the accused, in the RAV4, to the unit complex. They both entered the deceased’s unit. Upon entry to the unit, the accused’s mother observed blood in the entryway, damage to a wall caused, she thought, by someone being pushed into it, then observed the deceased, in her bedroom, lying on her back on the bed, clearly deceased. The accused’s mother quickly fled the unit, was picked up by her father, Basil, in a separate car and taken to the Cranebrook property. The accused left the deceased’s unit immediately after his mother had done so and drove away in the RAV4.

17. [43]

    At about 3.00pm, the deceased’s neighbour contacted the police. Two police officers arrived at about 3.34pm but were unable to gain entry to the deceased’s unit. They stayed for about 10 minutes before leaving, having seen or heard nothing untoward. At about 4.00pm, the accused’s mother attended at the Penrith Police Station and reported what she had earlier seen.

18. [44]

    By that stage, the accused had driven the RAV4 to an area of bushland near Post Office Road, at Castlereagh, and had set the vehicle alight, completely destroying it.

19. [45]

    Having transported his bicycle in the boot of the RAV4 to Castlereagh, the accused cycled back to where he was living at the Cranebrook property and proceeded to burn what seemed like clothing in a metal drum at that address.

20. [46]

    Ultimately, at about 4.20pm, acting on the information provided by the accused’s mother, police officers attended at the deceased’s unit, and gained access to it through a window from a front patio area. They then unlocked the front door to allow other police to enter the premises.

21. [47]

    The deceased was discovered lying on her bed. She had been physically assaulted, with obvious facial wounds, and she had two ligatures, one white and one black, tightly wound around her neck.

22. [48]

    There was physical damage to a part of the deceased’s unit, and blood stains or spatters were located in a number of areas of the deceased’s unit.

23. [49]

    In the early hours of Tuesday 17 January 2023 (“the Tuesday”), the police attended at the Cranebrook property and arrested the accused. He has been in custody since that time.

Directions of Law

1. [50]

   It is necessary in a judge alone trial for the judge to set out the principles of law which are applicable, and which bind the judge in coming to any decision. As well, if the law requires a warning to be given to a jury, then a judge is to take that warning into account in dealing with the matter: s 133 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW).

2. [51]

   I will now set out those principles of law which are applicable, and which will be followed and applied, by me, throughout this judgment.

3. [52]

   It is the Court’s duty and responsibility to consider whether the accused is guilty or not guilty of the charge of murder and to return a verdict according to the evidence which has been admitted in the trial.

4. [53]

   I am bound to apply the principles of law contained in the directions that I give myself to the facts of the case as I find them to be.

5. [54]

   In considering my verdict, I must act impartially and dispassionately. I must not let emotion sway my judgment. Neither prejudice nor sympathy have any role to play in the determination of the charge on the Indictment. My task must be, and will be, undertaken free of prejudice or sympathy.

6. [55]

   The burden of proof of the guilt of the accused wholly rests on the Crown. That onus rests upon the Crown in respect of each element of the charge on the Indictment. The Crown must prove the guilt of the accused and prove it beyond reasonable doubt.

7. [56]

   There is no onus of proof on the accused. He is presumed to be innocent unless and until the Crown proves that he is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The accused has given sworn evidence denying that he murdered the deceased and has also signed an Agreed Statement of Facts which became an exhibit. He has also made submissions via his senior counsel. By so doing, the accused does not assume any onus of proof. The onus remains on the Crown throughout the trial. The fact that some, or all, of the evidence put before the Court by the accused may not be accepted does not affect the Crown’s onus of proof, and it does not relieve the Crown from proving the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

8. [57]

   Although the Crown must prove the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt, before making a finding of fact I need only to be satisfied of proof of such fact on the balance of probabilities. Neither party submitted that any fact was an “intermediate fact”, thereby requiring proof beyond reasonable doubt: see Shepherd v The Queen [1990] HCA 56; (1990) 170 CLR 573.

9. [58]

   Noting that the accused has given sworn evidence and agreed to a Statement of Facts which is in evidence, in accordance with Liberato v The Queen [1995] HCA 66; (1985) 159 CLR 507, I remind myself that, first, if I accept the evidence given by the accused that he did not murder the deceased, then I must acquit him.

10. [59]

    Secondly, even if I find difficulty in accepting the part of the accused’s evidence denying that he murdered the deceased, but I think that it might be true, then I must acquit the accused. That is because if it is a reasonable possibility that the accused was not responsible for the murder of the deceased, then the Crown has not proved its case beyond reasonable doubt.

11. [60]

    Thirdly, if I do not accept the accused’s evidence that he did not murder the deceased, then I must put that evidence to one side and consider whether the Crown has, on the basis of evidence which I accept, proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. In other words, the fact that I do not believe the accused’s denial that he was the murderer does not mean that he was.

12. [61]

    I must consider and assess the evidence given by the various witnesses, including the accused, and decide whether they are telling the truth, whether the evidence is reliable, and whether I accept their evidence. My ultimate decision as to what evidence I accept and what evidence I reject, may be based on a range of matters, including the content and the context of what a witness had to say, the manner in which the witness said it, and the general impression which any witness made upon me in giving evidence.

13. [62]

    In considering whether to accept the evidence of a witness, I am not obliged to accept the whole of the evidence of any one witness. I may, if I think fit, accept part, and reject part, of the evidence of the same witness. In other words, the fact that I do not accept a portion of the evidence of a witness does not mean that I must necessarily reject the whole of that witness’ evidence. I can accept part of the evidence of a witness if I think it is worthy of acceptance.

14. [63]

    Two witnesses were called by the Crown to give expert evidence, Dr Issabella Brouwer, a forensic pathologist, and Ms Mhorag Campbell, a forensic biologist.

15. [64]

    An expert witness is a person who has specialised knowledge based on their training, study or experience. Because they have such knowledge, they may express an opinion on relevant matters that fall within their expertise.

16. [65]

    To the extent that there is any conflict within, or doubt about, the evidence of an expert, it is for me to decide which part, or parts, of the evidence of the experts I accept, and which part, or parts, I reject. I must remember that any expert evidence relates only to part of the case, and that whilst it may be of assistance to me in reaching a verdict, I must reach my verdict having considered all of the evidence which is applicable.

17. [66]

    If, having given the matter careful consideration, I do not accept the evidence of any of the experts, then I do not have to act upon the evidence of the expert in question. I do not have to accept even the unchallenged evidence of an expert.

18. [67]

    The Crown relies upon certain features of the conduct of the accused as evidencing a consciousness of guilt of the unlawful killing of the deceased. These include the accused’s failure to call either the police or an ambulance to the scene, his decision to bring his mother to the deceased’s unit to observe the body, the burning of the deceased’s car by the accused, the burning of some personal material in a barrel at the Cranebrook property by the accused, the accused drastically changing his appearance by shaving his head and beard on the afternoon of 16 January 2023, and that the accused sent a text message and said things which were intended to positively mislead the recipient, or the police, about his knowledge of, and involvement in, the commission of the offence (together “the post-offence conduct”).

19. [68]

    If I am satisfied, as a matter of fact, that any or all of the post-offence conduct occurred, then I direct myself as follows:

20. [69]

    If I am satisfied of each of these matters, then I can consider those parts of the post-offence conduct which have been proved and my conclusion about them and take them into account as circumstances which evidence a consciousness of guilt of the accused for the unlawful killing of the deceased.

21. [70]

    Of course, in considering these matters, I need to keep in mind that people do not always act or behave rationally, and that the post-offence conduct here may be explained in other ways: the accused may have panicked having seen the body of the deceased in the unit, he may have wanted to escape being unjustly accused, or he may not have trusted police to investigate him without prejudice or bias.

22. [71]

    If the post-offence conduct has been engaged in for some reason other than being implicated in the offence for which the accused is now on trial, then I cannot use it as evidence of the guilt of the accused, and I must put it to one side for the purpose of my decision-making.

23. [72]

    The Crown also relies on the accused’s consciousness of guilt of the offence of murder, because of the evidence that he deliberately told lies, which constituted saying things which he knew to be untrue, to the police on the day of his arrest in the course of a recorded interview, about where he was, what he knew about the deceased and what he was doing on the Monday.

24. [73]

    I remind myself of the principles of law by which I am bound when considering this issue, namely that I must be satisfied:

    1. (1)

       that the particular statements made by the accused were deliberate lies – that is, false to the knowledge of the accused at the time he made the statements;

    2. (2)

       that the only explanation for the lies is that the accused knew that the truth of the matter about which he had told lies, was relevant to the death of the deceased, or some significant circumstance or event, connected to that death, and would implicate him in the unlawful killing of the deceased; and

    3. (3)

       that the accused feared that telling the truth might reveal his guilt of the unlawful killing of the deceased.

25. [74]

    As I have earlier mentioned, the Crown case against the accused is, in significant part, a circumstantial one. Because of this, I cannot return a verdict of guilty upon the charge unless the circumstances are such as to be inconsistent with any reasonable hypothesis other than the guilt of the accused.

26. [75]

    To enable me to be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused on the charge, it is necessary that the Crown persuade me that the guilt of the accused is a rational inference, and that it is the only rational inference that the circumstances would enable me to draw.

27. [76]

    This means that the Crown must exclude all reasonable hypotheses consistent with the innocence of the accused. For a hypothesis to be a reasonable and rational one, it must rest upon something more than mere conjecture or supposition. A bare possibility of innocence does not prevent a conclusion that the accused is guilty of the offence, so long as the inference of guilt is the only inference open to a reasonable person upon a consideration of all of the facts and evidence.

28. [77]

    In deciding whether there is a hypothesis reasonably open on the evidence in the Crown’s case that is consistent with the accused’s innocence, all of the circumstances established by the evidence are to be considered and weighed. The evidence is not to be looked at in a piecemeal fashion but is to be considered as a whole.

29. [78]

    I remind myself that, in a circumstantial case, each fact can inform an understanding of the significance of other facts. Therefore, it is the understanding of the combined significance of all the facts which informs the issue of whether the Crown has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt in respect of the offence charged.

30. [79]

    There are other principles of law by which I am bound, including how to deal with particular types of evidence, including giving myself a warning about accepting some evidence. It will be convenient to articulate these principles when dealing with the evidence.

Offence of Murder

1. [80]

   The Crown’s case is one of murder. In order to succeed in proving its case, that the accused murdered the deceased, the Crown must persuade me of each of the following elements beyond reasonable doubt:

   1. (1)

      that on Monday 16 January 2023, the accused, Paul Sultana, strangled the deceased, Dayna Isaac, thereby causing her death; and

   2. (2)

      that the accused’s conduct in strangling the deceased was deliberate (that is, not accidental or involuntary); and

   3. (3)

      that at the time of the strangulation, the accused intended to kill the deceased, or else intended to cause her grievous bodily harm (that is, really serious physical injury); or

   4. (4)

      if neither specific intention is proved, the accused acted with reckless indifference to human life.

2. [81]

   As I have earlier noted at [26], the accused submits that if, contrary to his case, I am satisfied that he strangled the deceased, then it would be open to me on the evidence, to accept that, at the relevant time, the accused was so affected by drugs and alcohol which he had taken, that the Crown has not proved the necessary subjective intention for murder, including any subjective foresight, to enable a finding of reckless indifference to human life. If I was not so satisfied, the accused submits that I would need to consider a verdict of manslaughter on the basis that the deceased was killed by an unlawful and dangerous act.

Outline of Relevant Locations

1. [82]

   It is convenient to provide a description of the geographical area and a description of the crime scene and its surrounds by way of context.

2. [83]

   The unit complex, in which the deceased lived, consisted of a two to three-storey block of units, with 30 units in total. The unit complex was at 8-12 Colless Street, which runs in a generally north-south direction. It is situated on the south-eastern corner of Colless Street and Barber Avenue, which runs in a generally east-west direction.

3. [84]

   The front pedestrian entrance was located on the western facade of the unit complex on Colless Street. A driveway leading from Colless Street down to the basement level carpark was located on the southern aspect of the complex. The complex featured a central podium which was a common area above the carpark (“the central podium”). The central podium included some areas of garden. It was largely paved. Access could be gained through a weatherproof glass structure, descending from the central podium to the carpark.

4. [85]

   The deceased’s unit was No.19. It was located on the southern side of the central podium, and it shared an entrance hallway and foyer with unit No.18, which was also on the ground floor, and as well with two other units which were situated directly above each of units 18 and 19. Both units 18 and 19 comprised a patio fronting onto the central podium, sometimes referred to as a veranda, a lounge, dining room and kitchen area adjacent to the patio, and two bedrooms at the back of each unit, with windows looking south over the driveway. The motor vehicle entrance into, and exit from, the carpark was through an automatically operated grill-style door which was located directly beneath the deceased’s unit.

5. [86]

   There were no CCTV cameras located within the unit complex although a CCTV camera existed at 16 Colless Street, another block in the immediately surrounding area, but which was to the south of the unit complex.

6. [87]

   Between the patio immediately at the front and forming part of the deceased’s unit, and the central podium area, there was erected a timber screen containing horizontal timber planks, on the inside of which was a vertical bamboo screen. No.18 contained an identical floor layout and arrangement (but in mirror image) to that of No.19, but without the bamboo screen which had been erected at the deceased’s unit.

7. [88]

   The entrance to the carpark was via an enclosed staircase structure which was no more than about 10 metres from the deceased’s unit. That entrance was glass on all sides. Accordingly, there was a clear view of people entering that stairway access from the central podium area. The door made a distinctly audible sound when it was opened.

8. [89]

   Inside the deceased’s unit, there were two bedrooms. One was a larger bedroom to which an ensuite bathroom was attached. The deceased used that as her bedroom. It had a double bed in it and some other furniture. The second bedroom was smaller and was used for the deceased’s two young children to sleep in.

9. [90]

   Between the bedrooms and the living area was a small laundry and an internal bathroom.

10. [91]

    Generally speaking, if one entered through the front door of the deceased’s unit, the bathrooms, laundry and bedrooms were to the left, (or south) and the living areas – being the lounge, dining area and kitchen, with access to the patio – were to the right (or north).

11. [92]

    Colless Street runs in a generally north/south direction. The unit complex is on the eastern side of Colless Street, between Barber Avenue to the north and Lethbridge Street to the south. Access at the northern end of Colless Street is from High Street in Penrith, and access to main roads heading in all directions can be gained from the eastern end of Lethbridge Street to the south of the unit complex. 16 Colless Street, where the CCTV is located, is on the north-eastern corner of Lethbridge Street. The unit complex is located within a block of the Nepean Hospital complex, and directly opposite the Penrith High School grounds.

12. [93]

    The workplace the deceased attended on the morning she was murdered, was situated at 29 York Road, Jamisontown, which is about 2.5km from the unit complex. It takes around five minutes to drive from the unit complex to that workplace.

13. [94]

    As earlier noted, the accused lived with his grandfather, Basil Tsiliris, at the Cranebrook property, which is about 5.5km to the north of the deceased’s unit complex. It is approximately a 10 minute drive or a 20 to 30 minute bike ride between the two locations.

14. [95]

    The area of bushland off Post Office Road, Castlereagh, where the deceased’s car was found in a burned-out state, is about 9km north-west of the Cranebrook property. It is approximately a 10 minute drive from the Cranebrook property to that area. The car was found in an isolated bushland area about 100m or so from Post Office Road.

Involved Individuals

1. [96]

   It is also convenient here to identify a number of individuals who were central to the events surrounding the death of the deceased.

2. [97]

   As earlier indicated, the deceased’s mother, Deborah English, was close to her daughter and to her two grandchildren. She was separated from the deceased’s father, Garry English.

3. [98]

   The deceased had a number of conversations with both her mother and her father at various times in December 2022 and in January 2023 about the existence, and state of, her relationship with the accused.

4. [99]

   The deceased spent the Sunday with her mother and her children. Ms English stayed that night at the deceased’s unit.

5. [100]

   Mr Garry English also had a number of conversations with the accused at various times, including a telephone call on the Monday, and was present at the unit complex when informed by police of the deceased’s death.

6. [101]

   The mother of the accused is Janet Tsiliris. She spoke with the accused on the Monday, visited the scene of the murder, and later reported it to the police. Janet Tsiliris lived in Hope Street, Penrith, which was about 450m from the deceased’s unit.

7. [102]

   The accused’s grandfather, Basil Tsiliris, lived at the Cranebrook property and was involved, but only in a peripheral way, with the events on the day of the murder.

8. [103]

   The brother of the accused, Nathan, was the best man at the wedding of the deceased and Mikkel Isaac. He was not involved with any of the events surrounding, or on the day of, the deceased’s death.

9. [104]

   Mikkel Isaac was the husband of the deceased although the two were separated at the time of her death.

10. [105]

    At the time of the murder, Mr Issac was in custody. He knew the accused, and was close friends with the younger brother of the accused, Nathan. He was granted conditional bail shortly after the murder in January 2023 and was ultimately sentenced for various drug-related offences in September 2023.

11. [106]

    Although they were separated, Mr Isaac had a number of conversations with the deceased in January 2023 about her relationship with the accused. Mr Isaac denied murdering, or causing or arranging the murder of, the deceased. There was no evidence that he was involved in the death of the deceased in any way at all.

12. [107]

    Ms Ryan was a neighbour of the deceased and lived in the adjoining unit, No.18. Ms Ryan’s unit was identical in layout to that of the deceased and was entered from one side of the common hallway. It was a mirror image of the deceased’s unit. The deceased’s unit was entered from the other side of that common hallway. She is the only witness who can report on contemporaneous events which she heard and saw at the time that the deceased was murdered.

13. [108]

    Ms Ryan’s partner, Ms Tara Kennedy, also lived in No.18, although she was not at home at the time of the murder. She returned home shortly after the murder.

14. [109]

    Ms Ryan was the person who alerted police as to what she had heard, in response to which an initial police visit took place.

Sequence of Events Leading up to the Death of Dayna Isaac

1. [110]

   It is necessary to make findings of fact about the events on the Sunday, which was the day before, and as well on the Monday, which was the day the deceased was killed. As I have earlier directed myself, these findings of fact are made on the balance of probabilities, although, when I have been satisfied of a fact beyond reasonable doubt, I have recorded my satisfaction to that extent.

2. [111]

   CCTV footage, adjusted to the correct time, demonstrates that, on the evening of the Sunday, the accused was at the Cranebrook property. At about 11.52pm, he left the property on a motor-scooter and returned at about 2.03am on the Monday morning. Shortly thereafter, at 2.14am, he left the property on a bicycle.

3. [112]

   At 8.52am, the accused returned to the Cranebrook property on his bicycle and gained access by climbing over a side fence into the carport area. Eight minutes later, at 9.00am, the accused is seen, again, leaving the Cranebrook property on his bicycle. As he left the property on this final occasion, the accused was carrying some red rope and a roll of tape of a kind often used to seal packing boxes (which was referred to in evidence as “box-tape’).

4. [113]

   The accused is observed from a variety of locations fitted with CCTV cameras riding his bicycle in a generally southerly direction towards Penrith and then in the direction of the deceased’s unit. At about 9.17am, the accused is observed from a camera at 28 Coombes Drive, Penrith, which is about 1km north of High Street in Penrith. At about 9.23am, the accused is observed riding in a generally easterly direction along High Street, Penrith and is captured by CCTV turning from High Street to ride south on Colless Street in the direction of the deceased’s unit at 9.25am. That CCTV footage is taken from the Ambulance Superstation, which is located on the Great Western Highway near to, but opposite, the corner of High and Colless Streets, Penrith. There is no view from that CCTV camera in a southerly direction along Colless Street to the unit complex.

5. [114]

   At about 1.01pm, the deceased is observed by CCTV located at 16 Colless Street, Penrith, driving north in her RAV4 towards her unit complex.

6. [115]

   According to the records held by Optus, the service provider for the deceased’s mobile telephone, at 1.08pm a voice call was initiated from the deceased’s mobile to a party described in evidence as “Recruitment Contact”. I am satisfied that this call related to the work trial which the deceased had undertaken that morning. As this call returned a call received at 1.01pm from the “Recruitment Contact”, I am satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the first call was not answered. It had occurred whilst the deceased was driving in her RAV4. It lasted about 20 seconds. It was followed at 1.01pm by an SMS, or text message, received by the deceased when her mobile phone was connected to the tower at the Nepean Hospital, which is one block away from the deceased’s unit.

7. [116]

   Having regard to this sequence, I am satisfied that the phone call was in fact initiated by the deceased at 1.08pm to the “Recruitment Contact” to return the earlier call. The call lasted 174 seconds (that is, just under three minutes) and terminated at about 1.11pm. The deceased must have been alive at that point in time. I am satisfied that when the call was made, she had arrived at the unit complex and was either walking to, or else already inside her unit, although the actual location is not important to this narrative.

8. [117]

   I am satisfied that it was at about, or immediately after, the time the 1.08pm phone call ended when Ms Ryan started hearing banging, raised voices and a female screaming from Unit 19, the deceased’s unit. I refer below to the detail of Ms Ryan’s account.

9. [118]

   Ms Ryan, the deceased’s neighbour, was working from home. At a time after 1pm, she took a break from her work.

10. [119]

    At 1.21pm, Ms Ryan sent a Facebook message to her partner, Ms Kennedy. It read:

11. [120]

    Given the time (about 1.11pm) when the deceased’s phone call finished, and the time (about 1.21pm) when Ms Ryan sent her message noting that it was quiet, the probabilities are that the deceased was murdered in that 10 minute period.

12. [121]

    Shortly after that, Ms Ryan observed a male whom she recognised, and later identified to police, as the accused, wearing a black baseball hat, sunglasses and a black t-shirt leaving the deceased’s unit with what she described as a green Woolworths shopping bag in his hand, and walking calmly down to the carpark.

13. [122]

    At 2.19pm, Ms Ryan sent a message to a work colleague, which read:

14. [123]

    At 1.26pm, a CCTV camera at 16 Colless Street, and the one further south at 24 Colless Street, captured the accused driving south away from the unit complex in the deceased’s RAV4. At that stage, the accused has the same facial appearance as can be seen in the footage of him riding his bicycle towards the deceased’s unit.

15. [124]

    According to the Cellebrite download from his mobile telephone, the accused turned his phone on at 2.02pm, and a connection was then established to the Optus network at the phone tower at 86 Palmyra Avenue, Willmot, which is about 11km away from the deceased’s unit, generally to the north-east.

16. [125]

    Between 1.57pm and 2.27pm, a period of approximately 30 minutes, the accused is captured by various CCTV cameras driving the RAV4 in the area of Shanes Park and Willmot. He is seen driving into Resolution Avenue, Willmot, and a few minutes later driving out of Resolution Avenue, which is a dead-end street. A close and life-long friend of the accused, Mr Glenn Dyer, lived in Resolution Avenue. The accused telephoned him at 2.03pm, whilst he was halted in Resolution Avenue, but the call was not answered.

17. [126]

    At 2.10pm, whilst still driving the RAV4, the accused made a telephone call to his mother, Janet Tsiliris, repeating the phrase, “It’s bad. It’s bad. It’s bad”. The accused is clearly, at that time, driving the RAV4 back in the direction of the unit complex on Colless Street. As he made his way back towards the unit complex, the accused must have met his mother, who entered the passenger seat of the RAV4. This meeting is not captured by CCTV, and so the precise location is unknown.

18. [127]

    At 2.27pm, the CCTV camera at 16 Colless Street captures the accused and his mother driving in a northerly direction towards the unit complex.

19. [128]

    Ms Ryan heard the noise of the access door at the central podium from the carpark being opened. She saw the accused and an older woman whom she thought, from their interactions, was his mother, walk to the door to the deceased’s unit. She heard the door to No. 19 open, and the older woman said:

20. [129]

    She then saw the accused’s mother leave very quickly. Within a minute, she heard the front door of the deceased’s unit being closed and locked and saw the accused leaving.

21. [130]

    At 2.31pm, Janet Tsiliris is observed from CCTV footage to be walking south on Colless Street. The accused is seen driving south in the RAV4 and drives past Janet Tsiliris at the intersection of Lethbridge Street. Ms Tsiliris then gets picked up in a black sedan being driven by her father, Basil Tsiliris.

22. [131]

    Shortly after the accused and his mother left the deceased’s unit, Ms Ryan knocked on the deceased’s front door and received no response. She walked down to the carpark and saw that the deceased’s car was not there.

23. [132]

    At 3.02pm, Ms Ryan made a telephone call to the Penrith Police Station expressing concern for the welfare of the deceased.

24. [133]

    At 3.34pm, police arrived at the unit complex and spoke with Ms Ryan. They then knocked on the door of the deceased’s unit but received no answer. The police officers looked around for signs of any disturbance but found none. They left a Victim Welfare Check card under the door.

25. [134]

    After the accused left the unit at 2.37pm, he commenced driving north in the RAV4 in the direction of the bushland at Castlereagh.

26. [135]

    Sometime after 2.47pm, the accused drove the RAV4 vehicle into bushland off Post Office Road at Castlereagh and deliberately set it alight.

27. [136]

    I am satisfied that the fire was started between 3.10pm and 3.15pm. At 3.33pm, the accused is captured on CCTV cycling south past 94 Tadmore Road, Cranebrook, which is about 5km or so from Post Office Road.

28. [137]

    Between 3.33pm and 4.08pm, the accused is seen from a number of CCTV cameras riding his bicycle south, from the direction of Castlereagh, towards the Cranebrook property. He is shirtless and carrying a green Woolworths shopping bag which hangs from the handlebars of his bicycle.

29. [138]

    Sometime after the accused returns to the Cranebrook property, a neighbour observed smoke coming from the backyard of the accused’s house and smelt burning material.

30. [139]

    At 3.48pm, Basil Tsiliris drove Janet Tsiliris to the Penrith Police Station. At about 4.00pm she reported what she had seen at the deceased’s unit to the Penrith Police Station whilst in the company of her friend, Shannon Hauser, who had travelled separately to the police station to support Ms Tsiliris.

31. [140]

    Following upon that report from Ms Tsiliris, at about 4.20pm police officers attended the deceased’s unit. An officer gained access to the deceased’s unit through the window from the front patio into the dining area. Police found the deceased and commenced their investigations.

32. [141]

    At about 4.33pm, the deceased’s father, Garry English, having unsuccessfully attempted to call the deceased on a number of occasions, telephoned the accused. He was told by the accused that he had not heard from the deceased. The accused told Mr English that he had:

33. [142]

    Around about 5.30pm, Mr English drove to the deceased’s unit, where he was informed by the police of the deceased’s death. Shortly after that, he received a telephone call from the accused, which he did not answer. At 5.46pm, the accused sent a text message to Mr English, saying:

34. [143]

    In the early hours of the following morning, being the Tuesday, the accused was found asleep at the Cranebrook property, where he was arrested by the police.

35. [144]

    The accused was taken back to Penrith Police Station. After a time-out period, and after he received legal advice, and noting that he was not obliged to do so, the accused agreed to participate in an electronically recorded interview with Detective Senior Sergeant Gilbert and Detective Senior Constable Pellegrino. The interview commenced on the Tuesday, shortly before 1.00pm and concluded at 2.02pm. It will be convenient to refer to this interview as the “Recorded Interview”.

36. [145]

    In his evidence at the trial, the accused said that he had intentionally lied to police in the course of the Recorded Interview.

Evidence in the Crown Case

1. [146]

   It is now convenient to turn to evidence found at the scene by police officers on the Monday which is supplemented by the scientific opinions as to what forensic testing showed.

2. [147]

   The first police officers who visited the scene after the accused and his mother had left the deceased’s unit, were Constable Abbey Coleman and Senior Constable Andrew Hayward, who arrived at the unit at about 3.34pm. They heard nothing from within the unit. They knocked on the door and announced that they were the police. There was no response. They continued to knock but, again, received no response. The front door did not show any sign of a break-in, or any damage at all. They could not hear any noise coming from within the unit. Having left a notification card, they left the unit complex. On the way out, they examined the front patio to make sure that there was nothing untoward. They observed that the blinds appeared undisturbed and there was nothing out of order. There were certainly no signs of any break-in.

3. [148]

   Those two officers returned that afternoon at about 4.20pm. They made a decision to enter the unit. Senior Constable Hayward found some difficulty in so doing. He climbed up to the balcony of the upstairs unit, above the patio area of the deceased’s unit, and then using such supports as were available from that balcony, he swung his feet through the gap above the top of the bamboo screen at the front of the deceased’s unit and lowered himself to the floor. The space through which he had to pass his body was about 30-40cm in height. He managed to slide through that gap and drop down onto the floor.

4. [149]

   He checked the sliding balcony door and found that it was locked. He then observed that there was a window beside it which had an air-conditioner duct fitted to a part of it. He removed the flyscreen from the window and managed to open the window, which was unlocked. He then entered the unit by crawling through the window. He had cut his left arm on the bamboo as he entered, and his blood was deposited on the windowsill.

5. [150]

   The significance of this evidence is that it is clear from the observations of both of these police officers that there had been no break-in or forced entry into the deceased’s unit, either through the front door or else through any entrance via the front patio.

6. [151]

   The windows at the back of the deceased’s unit were not suitable to be used as an entrance or exit, unless the intruder had a long ladder. These rear windows were intact and undamaged when photographed by the police. No long ladder was found. There is no evidence that there was any forcible break‑in from that entrance point to the unit. I do not regard there being any possibility at all that access was gained to the deceased’s unit from these rear windows.

7. [152]

   The deceased’s unit showed evidence of a violent struggle occurring inside the unit. The front door was not damaged, from which I conclude that, at the time entry was gained through that door, it must have been unlocked, or else had been opened by the deceased. Directly opposite the front door, on a plasterboard wall, is a significant indentation which, in length, is about 0.8m and commences about 200mm above the floor. It clearly indicates a round shape consistent with the body of a person being shoved forcefully backwards into that wall.

8. [153]

   The area on the tiled floor between the front door and the couch contained a number of blood smears and drops. It appears that, at a point after the blood was smeared on the floor, a child’s soft chair came to be in place over the blood smears.

9. [154]

   The blood smears and drops continued towards the deceased’s bedroom. Blood splatter is identified on the door to the bedroom. Also on that door, towards the lower corner, away from the hinged edge, there are two palm prints which were matched to the deceased, which are observable in the blood stains at both Marker D and Label F1. The blood on that door was described without challenge, and I accept accurately, by Mr Ben Reid, a crime scene officer with the NSW Police in this way:

10. [155]

    Mr Reid’s evidence was that he observed a transfer blood stain in the region which was marked “F1”, with what looked to him like friction ridge detail, which represented either an imprint of fingers or a palm. What he observed at F1 were later identified as palm prints from the right hand of the deceased.

11. [156]

    The deceased was found lying on her bed. A pink lamp, with part of the white cord attached to it, was found lying on the bed next to her. Her black shirt had been pushed up to the lower level of her breasts. She was lying on her back with her legs bent at the knees and hanging over the edge of the bed. Around her lower legs were her black pants and underpants. She was naked in the area between the lower edge of her black shirt down to her ankles. Her trousers and underpants were found pushed down beneath her knees.

12. [157]

    Following the discovery of the body of the deceased, and its removal from the scene, a post-mortem examination was conducted on Wednesday 18 January 2023.

13. [158]

    At the commencement of the post-mortem examination, it was observed that the body of the deceased had been removed from her unit in the condition in which it had been first found. The clothing in which she had been dressed, which on the bottom half of her body had been pulled down towards her ankles, remained in that position at the start of the post-mortem examination. As well, the two ligatures which had been present when the body of the deceased was discovered at her unit, were still in place and wrapped around her neck at the commencement of the examination.

14. [159]

    On examination, it was observed that there was dried blood present on the face, arms and hands of the deceased, and that there was blood or blood-stained material at the orifice of the deceased’s left and right nostrils.

15. [160]

    The forensic pathologist described in her written report, the features of the ligature strangulation of the deceased in the following way:

16. [161]

    The ligatures were removed and handed to the police by the forensic pathologist. The injuries associated with the ligatures were then identified and described in the written report in this way:

17. [162]

    In addition, the forensic pathologist identified blunt-force injuries on the head and face of the deceased, including an underlying nose fracture with detectable deformity, extensive bruising in the right lateral upper eyelid area, a laceration of the right upper lip and significant haemorrhages present in the inner aspect of the lower lip.

18. [163]

    On the upper limbs in the area of the left upper arm and right upper arm, there were multiple graze abrasions and bruises inflicted prior to the death of the deceased. On the lower half of the body there were also extensive blunt force injuries constituted by bruising on the right leg - mainly in the upper region, and on the left leg – mainly in the lower region.

19. [164]

    As well, there was bruising to the knuckles of the second and third finger of the deceased’s right hand, which were detected beneath the skin.

20. [165]

    Dr Issabella Brouwer, the forensic pathologist called by the Crown, although she did not undertake the post-mortem examination herself, expressed her expert opinion that the direct cause of death of the deceased was “ligature strangulation in the context of blunt force head injury”.

21. [166]

    Her evidence was that the blunt force head injury was a relevant factor in the death, but it could not be said to have been a contributing factor because there was insufficient evidence demonstrating that the blunt force head injury actually caused or contributed to the deceased’s death.

22. [167]

    I accept Dr Brouwer’s opinion as to the direct cause of death and that the blunt force head injury was not a contributing factor to the death, noting that the opinion was not challenged by the accused, and there was no contradictory evidence.

23. [168]

    Dr Brouwer agreed with senior counsel for the accused that, from what she had observed and noted in the material, the deceased did not suffer from any brain injury. She also agreed with senior counsel that the fracture of the deceased’s nose may have resulted in profuse bleeding.

24. [169]

    The clothing of the deceased was removed at post-mortem and provided to the investigating police. The clothing was subject to further investigation which is referred to below.

25. [170]

    After each of the ligatures was removed from the body of the deceased in the course of the post-mortem examination, they were handed to police. The police carefully examined the ligatures and other items from the scene of the murder.

26. [171]

    One of those items that was removed for examination was a pink table lamp, which consisted of a ceramic base and a pale pink lampshade. The cord, which connected the table lamp to the wall plug, was white. The cord had, I am satisfied, been separated into three pieces. It is not clear from the evidence that the separation of the white cord into three pieces occurred because the cord was actually cut by a knife, or scissors or some other tool, or whether the cord separated as a result of the significant force applied during the strangulation.

27. [172]

    The first part of the white cord was that nearest the table lamp, down to a white switch located on the cord. It remained connected to the lamp. The far end, which connected into the wall plug, had been separated at a distance of what seems to be about 13cm from the plug.

28. [173]

    The central and longest section of the white cord was the white ligature which measured, after removal at post-mortem, approximately 137cm in length. It was not knotted. It will be convenient to refer to this part of the white cord as “the white ligature”.

29. [174]

    The other ligature, which was removed at the post-mortem examination, was a black extension cord, which measured 190cm in length. It will be convenient to refer to this cord as “the black ligature”. The black ligature was intact and had not been cut in any way. The plug and receptacle end remained attached to it. The ends of the black ligature were found at the back of the deceased’s neck.

30. [175]

    Both the white and the black ligatures were subject to careful police examination, including the taking of swabs from various areas of the ligatures. The swabs were submitted for DNA examination and testing. The results are referred to below.

31. [176]

    Police collected from the murder scene a significant number of swabs from what appeared to be blood on various items found at the scene, from furniture, walls and doors and also from the clothing and body of the deceased.

32. [177]

    Those swabs were also submitted to the Forensic Biology/DNA Laboratory of the Forensic and Analytical Science Service (“FASS”) – a body under the control of NSW Health. An experienced scientist and employee at FASS, Ms Mhorag Campbell, gave expert evidence of her opinion about the DNA profiles obtained from the swabs taken from the crime scene, from the body of the deceased, and other items collected by police.

33. [178]

    Ms Campbell set out her expert opinion about the DNA results in two Expert Certificates: the first dated 3 July 2025, and the second dated 16 July 2025. The evidence does not suggest that these DNA results were available at any time prior to these Certificates being completed and provided to police, the DPP and the accused.

34. [179]

    Of the various DNA results which she obtained, Ms Campbell’s evidence, which I entirely accept and indeed the correctness of any of her expert conclusions was not challenged, included the following results of relevance.

35. [180]

    A clipping of the deceased’s left fingernail, being Item number 1(c)(ii), was recorded as showing a positive screening test for blood, with DNA which was a mixture originating from two individuals. Neither the deceased nor the accused could be excluded as contributors to the mixture – the deceased being the major contributor and the accused the minor contributor. Of this sample, Ms Campbell said:

36. [181]

    Of the statistic of 100 billion, Ms Campbell said that when FASS is reporting on the identification of DNA profiles, 100 billion is the “… maximum or biggest number …” which is used. It will be convenient to refer to this component of her opinion involving the use of the figure of 100 billion, as being “the highest confidence assessment”.

37. [182]

    Ms Campbell explained that the use of the phrase “an individual cannot be excluded as the source of DNA” means that when the scientists examine a DNA profile “… all of the components in that DNA profile match all of the components in an individual’s reference DNA profile”. Ms Campbell contrasted that description with where a person is excluded as the source of a DNA profile, namely “if at one or more of those areas [the profiles] don’t match”.

38. [183]

    I am persuaded beyond reasonable doubt that the accused’s DNA was identified in this clipping of the deceased’s left fingernail because Ms Campbell’s opinion is expressed at the level of the highest confidence assessment, and because of the evidence of the surrounding circumstances.

39. [184]

    Ms Campbell was asked about persistence of DNA on a fingernail or parts of the skin. She gave this evidence, which I accept:

40. [185]

    Further results were obtained from areas on the body of the deceased which were swabbed, being on the front (anterior) and the back (posterior) of the right hand/wrist/forearm, and on the anterior and posterior aspects of the left hand/wrist/forearm. In each case, the screening test for blood was positive. In each case, the DNA recovered from those areas of the deceased’s body was a mixture that originated from at least two individuals. In each case, neither the deceased, nor the accused, could be excluded as contributors to that mixture. In each case, the deceased being the greater contributor and the accused being the minor contributor. With respect to Item number 1(j), which was a swab from the back (posterior) aspect of the right hand/wrist/distal forearm, Ms Campbell’s opinion was at the level of the highest confidence assessment.

41. [186]

    In her second Certificate, Ms Campbell made a similar confidence assessment and expressed a similar opinion with respect to Item 1(i), the right front (anterior) swab and the left back (posterior) swab which was Item 1(l). Of the left front (anterior) swab, which was Item 1(k), Ms Campbell gave a similar opinion, except that her level of confidence was expressed by the number 87 billion, which I regard as a very high number expressing a very high level of confidence, rather than 100 billion which is the maximum number used.

42. [187]

    I am persuaded beyond reasonable doubt, having regard to each of the confidence assessments (even though they differed for one Item) in the context of all of the surrounding evidence, that the DNA discovered on these four swabs came from both the deceased and the accused and not from any other individual who has not been identified.

43. [188]

    Two swabs were taken from the deceased’s vagina (Item 1(o)) and vulva (Item 1(q)). With respect to the vaginal swab, Ms Campbell reported as follows:

44. [189]

    With respect to the swab of the vulva of the deceased, Ms Campbell reported as follows:

45. [190]

    There was no evidence of the existence of any paternal relative of the accused except for his brother, Nathan. Whilst there is evidence that Nathan knew the deceased – he was the best man at her wedding – there is no evidence that Nathan had an intimate relationship with the deceased at any time, nor that he had been in her company at any time after the morning of Friday 13 January 2023. I am satisfied that Nathan can be entirely excluded as the contributor of these partial male DNA profiles. I note that neither the Crown nor the accused submitted that it was a possibility that Nathan was the source of these DNA profiles.

46. [191]

    I accept these results, which satisfy me beyond a reasonable doubt that, although no semen was identified, the DNA of the accused was present inside the vaginal cavity of the deceased and on the deceased’s vulva, when her body was examined at the post-mortem examination.

47. [192]

    On the exterior face of the deceased’s bedroom door in the unit, where there were a number of apparent blood spots and stains, and a possible fingerprint, investigators took a swab of that part of the scene and labelled that area “F1”. That swab was submitted to FASS and was reported on as follows:

48. [193]

    Ms Campbell carried out statistical comparisons for this blood swab, which she recorded in her first Certificate. Those statistics were at the level of the highest confidence assessment. It is sufficient for me to note that, having regard to those statistics and the totality of the evidence, I am satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the DNA of each of the accused and the deceased was present in the swab taken from the bloodied area of F1 on the doorway into the bedroom.

49. [194]

    Photographs of the exterior face of the door show that the area of F1, from which the blood swab was taken, was towards the bottom of the door, at a height which approximated the lower edge of the bottom hinge of the door, and was, I estimate, 5cm to 7cm from the floor.

50. [195]

    It can be conveniently noted here that the fingerprint examination of the blood spots and stains in the area F1 on the exterior face of the door showed two palm prints of the right hand of the deceased.

51. [196]

    The two extension cords which were found wrapped around the deceased’s neck were subjected to a number of swabs which were analysed. The black ligature was the subject of a DNA trace swab taken from an area near the plug which was given reference number R32 by FASS.

52. [197]

    Dr Campbell reported that the DNA recovered from that area of the black ligature originated from at least two individuals. Neither the accused nor the deceased could be excluded as contributors to that mixture. Ms Campbell reported her opinion at the highest confidence assessment. I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the DNA of the accused and of the deceased was found on the black extension cord near the plug end, which was retrieved at autopsy from around the neck of the deceased.

53. [198]

    A number of swabs were taken from the white ligature, and the other two parts of what was previously a single white cord from the pink table lamp enabling it to be plugged into a wall socket. Each swab identified the DNA of the deceased as the major contributor with the highest confidence assessment. In each case but one, the minor contributor’s DNA was at too low a level to enable comparison with a reference sample.

54. [199]

    In the case of one swab given reference number R52 by FASS, which came from the area marked as Item 2 shown in the photograph on page 1 of Exhibit 19, the item number of which was XF 000311262, according to a barcode visible in the photographs, DNA was identified from three individuals. The DNA profiles of the accused and the deceased were identified at the level of the highest confidence assessment. The DNA from the third contributor was at too low a level to enable comparison. I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the DNA of the accused was present on that part of the lamp cord.

55. [200]

    A number of tape-lifts were taken from the outside of the black trousers worn by the deceased at her work trial on the morning of 16 January 2023, and which she was still wearing when she was found. The tape‑lifts were taken from two areas of the rear of both the right and left calf of the trousers. The areas from which the swabs were taken are outlined in yellow in the photo on page 4 of Exhibit 19.

56. [201]

    Ms Campbell reported, with respect to those four tape‑lifts, that the DNA recovered was of at least two individuals and that, in each case, neither the deceased, nor the accused, could be excluded as contributors to that mixed sample. In respect of each of these tape‑lift samples, Ms Campbell reported her opinion at the highest confidence assessment level, that the DNA profiles were of the deceased and the accused.

57. [202]

    I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the DNA of the accused was found on the rear of the right and left calf area and in the below‑knee area of the black trousers worn by the deceased.

58. [203]

    I am also satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the DNA of the deceased and the accused was identified and could not be excluded from the following locations on the clothing being worn by the deceased at the time of her death:

59. [204]

    In respect of the DNA of the accused found in the items just listed, Ms Campbell has reported her opinion about the presence of the DNA of the accused with the highest confidence assessment. This confidence level, taken with the other evidence, leads to my conclusion beyond reasonable doubt about the presence of the accused’s DNA on those areas.

60. [205]

    Some other parts of Ms Campbell’s evidence need to be referred to. To some extent, the evidence included matters of common sense. In her evidence, Ms Campbell was asked, by way of summary, about the DNA of the accused at the crime scene. She gave the following evidence:

61. [206]

    This seems to be a useful and correct summary of the results of DNA profiles identified at the scene of the murder. The widespread presence of the accused’s DNA on the deceased’s body, on her clothing, on each of the black ligature and a part of the white cord, under her fingernail and in the blood on the exterior face of the bedroom door, provides a significant part of the Crown case against the accused for the murder.

62. [207]

    In cross-examination, Ms Campbell agreed that DNA could be transferred from a surface upon which it has first been deposited onto another surface. She agreed that it would be possible, in the normal course of people living in a domestic relationship for some time, for DNA to be deposited in multiple places inside the house.

63. [208]

    With respect to DNA being transmitted in the course of a sexual relationship, Ms Campbell was asked this question and gave this answer:

64. [209]

    Further, with respect to the swabs from the accused’s vagina and vulva, Ms Campbell gave this evidence:

65. [210]

    With respect to persistence of DNA, Ms Campbell, in re-examination, said that, whilst DNA can persist through showering “… common sense would dictate that potentially things are lost more frequently through swimming and showering”, although there was no specific research available on that matter.

66. [211]

    Ms Campbell agreed that, merely by looking at a DNA profile, scientists such as herself could not tell how or when that DNA was deposited on the surface which had been swabbed, or else from which a tape‑lift had been taken.

67. [212]

    Ms Ryan was the person who, as the neighbour of the deceased, heard a variety of noises and made observations at about the time the deceased was killed. Her evidence provides the only contemporaneous independent witness account surrounding the period of the death of the deceased. As such, it is evidence which is central to the Crown’s case that the accused murdered the deceased. It is now appropriate to discuss that evidence in greater detail and to enable a later consideration of, in light of the directions which apply to it, whether I accept it.

68. [213]

    Ms Ryan lived in Unit 18 of the unit complex. Her unit was across the corridor from the deceased’s unit. Their front doors were directly opposite each other.

69. [214]

    As at January 2023, Ms Ryan had lived in her unit for about a year. Although she had not formally met or exchanged names with the deceased, she knew the deceased by sight and was aware that she had moved into Unit 19, together with her two little girls, in about November 2022.

70. [215]

    Ms Ryan had not spoken to the deceased.

71. [216]

    She came to observe that, after an initial period when the deceased moved in, when there were quite a few people around – no doubt helping her move in, a particular male “… was there, and then sort of more permanently there”. It is clear from the entirety of her evidence, that this male, who was “sort of more permanently there”, was the accused. She had not spoken to him either.

72. [217]

    Sometime after 1.00pm on 16 January 2023, Ms Ryan, who was working from home, took her lunch break. She left the table where she had been working and used the bathroom. Whilst using the bathroom, she heard some banging coming from the adjoining unit where the deceased lived, and some raised voices. She minimised the noise in her unit by muting the television and turning off a fan. It enabled her to hear more clearly. At that stage, she could hear more screaming, which was getting louder. She gave this evidence as to what she then heard:

73. [218]

    Ms Ryan said that, although she did not know the names of the deceased and the accused, she was familiar with their voices. The male voice which she heard was that of the male whom she had seen coming around regularly after the deceased had moved in, namely the accused. The female voice was one which she had heard previously telling the children to stop or to be quiet.

74. [219]

    On this day, in addition to hearing the yelling and screaming, Ms Ryan also heard banging, or thuds. The banging that she heard commenced when her attention was first drawn to the unit, continued whilst she muted the noise in her unit and was audible up until the scream which she earlier described.

75. [220]

    Ms Ryan went to investigate and took steps which she thought might deter any more violence occurring. She re-entered her unit, having lingered in the hallway area for a couple of minutes, but stood near her front door so she could hear what was going on. Whilst standing near her front door, she heard the door to the deceased’s unit open and then the sound of it closing and being locked. She heard the glass foyer door, which stood between the hallway separating Units 18 and 19 and the central podium, open. She ran over to her front sliding door, which was open, to see who it was who had left the unit and walked through the hallway door. She gave this evidence as to what she saw:

76. [221]

    She gave evidence that she had seen the male before. She identified him as the accused. Her evidence included that, as he left, he was carrying what she described as a “Woolworths green reusable bag”. She saw the male go down the stairs into the carpark. Although there were horizontal wooden slats at the front of her patio, Ms Ryan said that she could see through them with clarity.

77. [222]

    At about this time, Ms Ryan sent the text message to her partner, which is set out at [119] above.

78. [223]

    Ms Ryan’s partner came home shortly before 1.30pm. After that occurred, and having seen that the male had left, Ms Ryan knocked on the door to the deceased’s unit and was listening to see if she could hear anything. She said, “are you OK? He’s not here”. She received no response. She went outside to see if she could see into Unit 19, but she was unable to see past the blinds, which were closed.

79. [224]

    She returned to her dining table in an attempt to resume working at about 2.00pm but found that she was unable to concentrate on her work. She found that she was distracted by what she had seen and heard.

80. [225]

    At a time after the message she sent to her work colleague at 2.19pm, the contents of which is set out above at [122], and whilst seated at the table, Ms Ryan heard the noise of a person either entering, or leaving, the glass structure which provided access from the carpark to the central podium. Ms Ryan went to the sliding door of her unit, where she was able to observe two people. The first was the same male that she had seen leave earlier. The second was a woman she had not seen before, whom she described as an older lady. Ms Ryan then went and stood by her front door, listening, trying to hear what the male and female were doing and saying.

81. [226]

    Ms Ryan gave this evidence about what she then heard:

82. [227]

    The emphasised words carry, in my view, a particular significance. The accused gave his mother, at least, a description of what he had seen – “It’s bad, it’s bad …”. He was driving the deceased’s RAV4 and took her back to the deceased’s unit. Although Ms Tsiliris does not specifically recount this, I am satisfied, from the words which Ms Ryan heard, that the only rational inference which is available is that the accused had told his mother prior to arriving at the deceased’s unit, what had occurred, hence the first words which are clearly heard are “What have you done?” Her subsequent words “You can’t fix this” strongly suggest that the accused had asked his mother to help him deal with what had happened. Finally, the words “I can’t be here” demonstrate that she does not want to know anything more about what had happened and wishes to avoid being caught up in whatever was to ensue.

83. [228]

    Further, I am satisfied that the only rational inference to draw is that the reason why the accused had collected his mother and taken her to the deceased’s unit was because he wanted her to help him fix what had occurred, hence Ms Tsiliris said: “You can’t fix this”.

84. [229]

    I also note that Ms Tsiliris did not check whether the deceased was alive or not. She did not call an ambulance or ask that an ambulance be called. I am satisfied that this conduct can only be explained by the fact that she knew or suspected before she arrived at the unit that the deceased was dead, because of what the accused had told her. She did not, at any time, enter the deceased’s bedroom, approach her body or examine it closely. She had, at best, a fleeting glimpse of the body of the deceased which, of itself and without more, could not have justified a belief that the deceased was dead.

85. [230]

    Ms Ryan said that the older female whose voice she had heard then left the unit. Ms Ryan said that about 30 to 60 seconds after the female left, she observed the male leaving the unit.

86. [231]

    Ms Ryan was asked about her identification of the male who left after the initial sounds of the physical assault which she had heard, as compared with the male who returned that afternoon with the older woman. She said that she was 100% confident that it was the same male.

87. [232]

    She informed her employer that she could not continue working and logged off. She again tried knocking on the door of the deceased’s unit but heard nothing. She then called Penrith Police Station.

88. [233]

    The police attended for their initial visit within 15 to 30 minutes. Sometime later that day, after the deceased’s body had been discovered, detectives visited Ms Ryan in her unit and asked if she was prepared to make a statement. She made arrangements to go to the Police Station that afternoon, where her first statement was taken.

89. [234]

    Four days later, on 20 January 2023, Ms Ryan was asked to attend at the Penrith Police Station and to view a series of photographs on the computer to see if she could identify the man whom she had described as initially leaving the unit and then later returning to it. She identified the accused.

90. [235]

    In evidence-in-chief she was asked, with respect to her photographic identification, this:

91. [236]

    She gave this further piece of evidence, which, if accepted, seems to me to be very significant in the resolution of the issues posed for decision in this trial:

92. [237]

    In the course of cross-examination, Ms Ryan was asked about her identification of the male voice which she had heard in the deceased’s unit, and how she could tell that it belonged to the man who had been visiting the unit regularly. She gave the following evidence:

93. [238]

    My impression of Ms Ryan’s evidence of her voice identification was that it was carefully made by comparison with the voice of the accused which she had previously heard. She could hear the male voice clearly. There were no other or different male voices to be heard at that time. As well, the accused admits that he was in the deceased’s unit at the time Ms Ryan says that she heard his voice.

94. [239]

    Deborah English, the mother of the deceased, only gave evidence by statement. She said that she had spent the Sunday with the deceased and her two daughters at the Windsor Pools. When she, the deceased, and the children, left the deceased’s unit on that Sunday morning, the accused was still present there. She said that in the car on the way to the Windsor Pools, she asked the deceased if the accused had a key to the unit, “… as I thought it was strange that he was still there when we left”. She said that the deceased had told her that the accused did not have a key to the unit “… and that he was embarrassed about me seeing him take his stuff from the unit”.

95. [240]

    Ms English, when giving further detail about their activities on the Sunday, also said that both she and the deceased had spent a lot of time in the smaller pool, but that they had taken the two girls into the bigger pool and had submerged themselves up to their shoulders. She was asked about whether the deceased showered at the Windsor Pools after being in the pool. She said she did not remember, although she did recall that the deceased had showered her two daughters. She was asked if she knew whether the deceased had showered when she got home. She responded, “Not when she got home, but later that night she showered not long before bed”.

96. [241]

    Ms English also said that the deceased had told her that she and the accused were only friends, but that the accused had wanted more out of the relationship. The deceased said to Ms English that the accused had said to her “… that he wanted all or nothing”. She also recorded this:

97. [242]

    Ms English was not required for cross-examination.

98. [243]

    Garry English, the father of the deceased, also gave unchallenged evidence through his two statements.

99. [244]

    He told police that he had had a discussion on Christmas Day with the accused when they were both at his ex-wife’s house. His evidence was that their conversation occurred in this way:

100. [245]

     The accused did not contradict this version of the conversation when he gave evidence. Mr English’s evidence also included reference to a conversation shortly after Christmas, which he had with the deceased. He said:

101. [246]

     Mr English records that, at about 6.45am on the Monday morning, he drove to the unit complex and dropped off the RAV4 vehicle, which was used by the deceased. He then drove away in his work utility vehicle, which he had previously parked in the carpark.

102. [247]

     At about 4.33pm on the Monday, after Mr English had been informed that the police had found the RAV4 burnt out in the Castlereagh area, he had a conversation with the accused by mobile telephone which was to this effect:

103. [248]

     According to the Cellebrite download from the accused’s phone, the accused telephoned Mr English after a second missed call from him at 4.33pm. Their phone call lasted 1 minute and 20 seconds.

104. [249]

     In his evidence, the accused did not deny that this phone call took place, nor did he give any different version of what was said.

105. [250]

     I accept the accuracy of Mr English’s version of this telephone call.

106. [251]

     As will later become apparent, the Crown relies upon the words spoken in this conversation as being lies amounting to a consciousness of guilt on the part of the accused, or else as conduct the accused deliberately engaged in to deflect any investigation into his involvement in the death of the deceased.

107. [252]

     Mr English then learnt, at about 5.30pm, that his daughter was dead. He said that he received a phone call from the accused at about 5.45pm, which he ignored. He said that a moment later, he received a text message from the accused which read “What’s going on? Where is she?? Is she OK?? Is she in hospital??”. The content of this text message is also said by the Crown to be knowingly false on the part of the accused and intended to deflect any possibility of being implicated in the death of the deceased.

108. [253]

     Mr Rick Seymour was not called to give evidence. However, the accused agrees that he has been friends with Mr Seymour since they were in Year 7 at school. It is agreed that, prior to the Monday, the accused and the deceased had been invited to Mr Seymour’s wedding, which was to take place on 11 March 2023. The accused also agrees that on the Monday, he spoke to Mr Seymour and said to him “I won’t be able to make your wedding”.

109. [254]

     After the accused was arrested, which happened in the early hours of the Tuesday, his telephone was seized and a Cellebrite download of his telephone occurred. That Cellebrite download records the first phone call on the Monday between the accused and Mr Seymour as occurring at 6.52pm and lasting 5 minutes, and a Facebook Messenger video call between Mr Seymour and the accused, at 7.14pm. I am satisfied that the conversation to which the accused admits, took place in either one or the other of those conversations, and certainly at a time after the death of the deceased.

110. [255]

     The Crown relies on this evidence as constituting, in substance, an admission by the accused that he knew that he was going to be in custody for having killed the deceased when the wedding was to take place. It may be noted that this conversation occurred well before the accused was arrested.

111. [256]

     A witness called by the Crown, given the pseudonym “Person A”, gave evidence of admissions made to him by the accused whilst they were both in custody at the Parklea Correctional Centre in March 2024.

112. [257]

     At the time Person A gave evidence, he had been convicted of the offence of murder by a jury, having pleaded not guilty. He had been sentenced to a lengthy term of imprisonment.

113. [258]

     In ways to which I will come, the Crown relied on the evidence of Person A as being highly probative of the guilt of the accused.

114. [259]

     Before considering the evidence, it is appropriate that I remind myself, by way of a warning, about the manner in which I need to treat the evidence of Person A.

115. [260]

     The evidence given by Person A may be unreliable, and it is necessary for me to exercise caution when considering whether to accept the evidence, and what weight to give it.

116. [261]

     The first reason why the evidence of Person A may be unreliable is that evidence of this kind is easily invented. After all, it is simply a matter of Person A saying that the accused said something to him, and there is not very much that a person in the position of the accused can do beyond simply denying that he said those things.

117. [262]

     The second reason is that it is also possible that Person A has made up his evidence in the hope of getting some benefit, such as favourable treatment within the prison environment, or a favourable decision concerning release on parole.

118. [263]

     In this case, in addition to serving a sentence for murder, Person A is soon to be sentenced for further serious offences. He has pleaded guilty to those offences, which came to light whilst police were investigating his involvement in the murder of which he has been convicted. Person A agreed in cross-examination that his giving evidence is this case was motivated by his desire to obtain an advantage or a favourable outcome when sentenced for the serious offences. He asserted that he was also motivated to provide information to police and give evidence because of the “putrid” nature of the crime with which the accused was charged.

119. [264]

     The third reason is that people like Person A are also affected by the standards and culture of prison society, where respect for the law and telling the truth may not be valued in the same way as would be the case outside prison.

120. [265]

     Finally, I must also keep in mind that Person A, as noted, is a convicted criminal who, by the time he gave evidence, was serving a sentence of imprisonment, having been on remand at the time the admissions were said to have been made to him. That means that I may regard him as a person who is less likely to tell the truth than a person who has not been convicted of a criminal offence.

121. [266]

     It is for these reasons that the evidence of Person A may be unreliable, and there is therefore a need for me to exercise caution in deciding whether to accept the evidence and, if I do, I need to be similarly cautious in deciding how much significance, or weight, that I think it may have.

122. [267]

     I will keep these directions in mind and comply with them when considering Person A’s evidence. It is necessary, initially, to recount the substance of the evidence given by Person A.

123. [268]

     Person A gave evidence that the conversations occurred in the segregation area when he and the accused were occupying nearby cells at a Correctional Centre. The conversations occurred over a period commencing in March 2024. Although inmates were not allowed into each other’s cells, there were two areas where conversations could readily occur. The first was in an outside area where prisoners remained segregated from each other and confined by grills but could nevertheless see and talk to each other. The second area was in a sizeable common corridor running along the front of each cell, at one end of which was a telephone and at the other was an area with a microwave and a fridge, where inmates could speak with each other if both were out of their cells at the same time.

124. [269]

     Person A said that at no time had he ever seen the Police Facts Sheet or any other document from the Police Brief with respect to the Crown’s case against the accused. As well, he said that he did not have access to any material about the trial online, or through reading newspapers or any other such source.

125. [270]

     It also became apparent from the evidence of Person A, and the officer in charge of the investigation into this offence, Detective Alcock, that they had only spoken on two occasions. The first was on 14 November 2024, when Person A provided a statement to police, and the second, a few days before Person A gave evidence, where he completed a supplementary statement.

126. [271]

     Person A also said that he made notes of what was said by the accused. In relation to the conversations he had with the accused, Person A said that he had handed the notes to police. Those notes were disclosed to the accused as part of the prosecution brief served on him.

127. [272]

     Amongst other evidentiary features in the Crown’s case, reliance is placed upon admissions made by the accused to Person A, in which the accused described carrying out a series of actions which, the Crown submits, could only have been within the knowledge of the person who killed the deceased, and which were not, in any way, featured in any police Statement of Facts or media publicity about the case, or in any material released publicly. The Crown submits that it is the specificity of these “unpublicised” details which could only have come to Person A from the individual who killed the deceased, namely, the accused. The Crown relies upon this unique detail as demonstrating the accuracy of Person A’s evidence.

128. [273]

     The evidence of Person A, containing one of these details is as follows:

129. [274]

     The Crown submitted that this description matched a number of the features of the crime scene, including, in particular, that “… there was a dent in the wall …”, and the description by Ms Ryan of what she heard.

130. [275]

     The Crown drew attention to the evidence of Person A in respect of the description of the accused with respect to how the death of the deceased was caused. Relevantly, Person A’s answers included the following:

131. [276]

     The Crown submits that the manner of the deceased’s death was not known outside of the police investigation. In particular, the Crown points to the use of two cords, one being the lamp cord which was white, and the other being an extension cord which was black, both of which were found wrapped around the deceased’s neck at the time her body was discovered. The Crown points to the fact that the forensic pathologist confirmed that the cause of death was strangulation. In this way, the Crown submits that the evidence of Person A is shown to be accurate when compared to independent evidence of what occurred.

132. [277]

     And further, the Crown points to the fact that, discovered immediately adjacent to the deceased on the bed where she was lying, was the pink table lamp which had blood stains on its base and lampshade. I note however, that a swab of the blood on the base of the lamp was not taken, nor is there any DNA analysis identifying whose blood may be on the lamp. Nevertheless, the reference to the presence and use of a lamp, the Crown submits, was known only to the killer, namely the accused, and investigating police, but was not publicised.

133. [278]

     The Crown also relies upon the fact that the account given by the accused to Person A included a description of how the deceased appeared when he left the unit after killing her. Person A’s evidence was:

134. [279]

     The Crown notes that such a description, particularly including the fact that the deceased’s trousers had been pulled down, again, matches what police found at the scene. It was not publicly available information.

135. [280]

     Further, as the Crown submits, Person A gives evidence that the accused told him that he had changed his appearance without being specific about what change had been made, and told him that it was to avoid CCTV and any cameras in the areas. In this respect, the accused admits that sometime between 4.00pm and 6.30pm on 16 January 2023, he shaved his hair off and removed his beard. This is corroborated by a comparison of the CCTV images prior to the deceased’s death and the appearance of the accused in the Recorded Interview, as well as the videos in Exhibit 35.

136. [281]

     Although not directly relevant to the admissions made about the death of the deceased and the knowledge of the accused of the scene of the deceased’s death, in support of the truthfulness and reliability of Person A’s evidence, the Crown points to, amongst other material, evidence which Person A gave that the accused told him that he lived with his mother from time to time in Hope Street. I note that the accused agrees that his mother, Janet Tsiliris, lived at 86 Hope Street, Penrith, which is 450m from the deceased’s unit at the time of her death.

137. [282]

     Finally, Person A also gave evidence of conversations which he had with the accused, in which he said that the accused described to him, in words that could only be regarded as most disrespectful to the deceased, how he had engaged in sexual intercourse with her after he had strangled her. Again, the Crown notes that only the person who had killed the deceased could have known that this occurred. No one else could have known that this occurred, not only because it had not been publicised, but also because the DNA results obtained by Ms Campbell at FASS were not available to anyone as at March 2024, or any time before her Certificates were issued in 2025.

138. [283]

     These DNA results are the principal evidence relied upon by the Crown together with other circumstantial evidence, including the way in which the deceased was lying on the bed and how her clothing was being worn when she was found, to prove the fact of post-mortem sexual intercourse between the accused and the deceased.

Evidence of the Accused

1. [284]

   Although he was under no legal obligation so to do, the accused gave evidence before me. I take into account in considering his evidence, that the accused was under no obligation to give any evidence.

2. [285]

   I note the principles of law to which I have earlier referred at [56]-[60] with respect to the consideration of the evidence given by the accused.

3. [286]

   I paid careful attention to the evidence of the accused whilst he was giving his evidence-in-chief and during both cross-examination and re-examination. I have read and re-read the transcript of his evidence.

4. [287]

   It is unnecessary for me to set out all of the evidence of the accused here in this judgment. However, although I have considered all of his evidence, it seems to me that the following aspects of his evidence are of particular significance for my understanding of his case.

5. [288]

   With respect to the evidence of Person A, the accused denied that he had ever disclosed anything to him about the facts of the charge he was facing, the case against him, any detail of his family, or any address at which he may have lived. He said that he had first been approached by Person A not long after arriving at Parklea Correctional Centre and in a manner which caused him to think something was wrong and that, thereafter, he wanted “nothing to do with him”. He said that he adhered to that decision whilst he was at that Centre.

6. [289]

   The accused said that, on the morning of the Monday, he rode his bike to the deceased’s unit, as the CCTV compilation generally showed, and then let himself in using keys to the unit, which he had in his possession. His evidence was that he and the deceased were planning on packing away various Christmas decorations and moving them to a locked storage cage in the carpark below the unit complex. He said that he carried the red rope and box-tape to the deceased’s unit in order to do this packing.

7. [290]

   After he arrived inside the deceased’s unit, the accused said that he was waiting for the return of the deceased and sat on the lounge watching a movie on Netflix. He said that he fell asleep in a slumped position while seated on the lounge. He remained asleep until he heard “this awful bang. It sounded – I don’t know how to describe it – like a bomb went off”. His evidence then included the following – that he jumped up and:

8. [291]

   He then gave this evidence:

9. [292]

   In cross-examination, it was put to the accused that he had moved a piece of children’s furniture, described as the “Paw Patrol chair”, visible in Exhibit 10, “… to cover up the blood”. His response was:

10. [293]

    The accused said that he ran out of the unit, went downstairs to the carpark, grabbed the RAV4 and took off. He used the deceased’s keys which he took from her unit when he fled. I am satisfied that these keys included the car keys, keys to the deceased’s unit and likely the deceased’s fob (or something similar) which enabled him to remotely open and close the carpark grille door.

11. [294]

    He described what he then did in this way:

12. [295]

    The accused agreed that later in the afternoon he had deliberately driven the deceased’s car to bushland in the Castlereagh area and set it alight. He said that he did so because he was scared and that he was trying to eliminate any trace of himself anywhere from the crime scene. He thought he would be blamed. He also agreed that he burned a pair of shoes in a barrel in the backyard of his grandfather’s house, at Cranebrook.

13. [296]

    He then said this:

14. [297]

    On a number of occasions throughout his evidence, the accused directly, and unequivocally, denied that he had murdered the deceased, or that he had, in any way, caused her death.

15. [298]

    By reference to the compilation of CCTV footage, which included a component of the accused cycling back to the Cranebrook property having set the deceased’s motor vehicle alight at Castlereagh, the accused agreed that he had stopped to use a tap, as was apparent on the CCTV, but explained that this was only to get a drink and to wash his face due to his dehydration. He denied doing so in order to wash anything from his hands.

16. [299]

    The accused was asked about various accounts he had given either on the day the deceased was killed, or shortly thereafter.

17. [300]

    He agreed that he did not tell the police the full truth in the Recorded Interview taken by them. He then gave this evidence:

18. [301]

    During the course of his evidence-in-chief, and also his cross-examination, the accused was not taken to, nor did he give, any evidence about any particular questions or answers in the Recorded Interview. Rather, his evidence only dealt generally with it. He did not suggest that any particular part of his Recorded Interview was actually true. Rather, his evidence seemed to convey that it was not a truthful account at all.

19. [302]

    His evidence then included a detailed description of what had occurred to him at the time he was arrested at the Cranebrook property in the early hours of the morning of the Tuesday. He agreed that, at that time, prior to his arrest, he had been consuming Xanax and Valium. He said that after he was arrested and taken back to the police station, he was put in a cell where he went to sleep for a period of time.

20. [303]

    In cross-examination, the accused gave evidence that he wanted to have a relationship with the deceased and:

21. [304]

    He agreed that his perception was that the deceased was playing games with him, and that made him angry.

22. [305]

    The accused agreed that, about a week or so before the deceased was murdered, he had been sending her messages about cigarettes in an ashtray in her unit, because he thought that she had another man (or men) in her unit, which had made him quite angry.

23. [306]

    In the course of cross-examination, the accused was asked about various features downloaded from his mobile telephone by the police through their use of the Cellebrite program. They included:

24. [307]

    In cross‑examination, it was put to the accused that he was doing Google searches that day for a tracking app for the deceased’s phone. He denied that was true, and he disagreed that he was trying to track the deceased’s phone.

25. [308]

    There was no evidence that the accused lent his mobile phone to anyone, or that anyone else had the use of the phone or accessed it during the period covered by the Cellebrite download.

Discernment

1. [309]

   The following is an analysis after considering all of the evidence and all of the facts and circumstances which I have found to be of appropriate weight and substance to be considered in coming to a verdict in the matter. I have also undertaken this analysis having regard to the submissions made in closing addresses by the Crown and senior counsel for the accused.

2. [310]

   In particular, I have considered the 20 matters emphasised by senior counsel for the accused. Without overlooking any of those points, it seems that the principal ones are these:

3. [311]

   In undertaking this analysis, I do so in compliance with the directions of law which I have given to myself, and which have earlier been referred to.

4. [312]

   I further note that, in assessing the evidence, I have taken into account my observations of the demeanour of Ms Kelly Ryan whilst giving evidence, and the demeanour of the accused when he gave his evidence in the witness box and also during his Recorded Interview with police, after his arrest.

5. [313]

   It is necessary to make findings about the manner and cause of the deceased’s death. The deceased died as a consequence of strangulation. Two cords, being a segment of white electrical cord originally attached to a table lamp and a black extension cord, were both found wrapped tightly around the deceased’s neck. These two ligatures were the items used to strangle the deceased to death.

6. [314]

   The deceased had also sustained blunt force injuries. There was extensive bruising around her face and neck, some bruising on her upper arms and on her right leg and the lower part of both legs. Her nose had been fractured. These injuries, whilst significant, did not cause her death.

7. [315]

   The two ligatures which were found wrapped around the deceased’s neck, were described by the forensic pathologist as being “… wrapped at least thrice around the neck, creating tight, closed, horizontal loops”. The length of the white cord was approximately 137cm and the length of the black cord was approximately 190cm. Neither of the cords had knots in them. The white cord was found, in part, looped underneath the black cord, in part.

8. [316]

   I note the expression of opinion of the forensic pathologist about the significance of the ligature marks which were identified. Those marks were described in this way:

9. [317]

   I am satisfied, from the way the cords were found, that the white cord was likely to have been applied first. After that, the black cord was applied and both were pulled tight, as was found by the forensic pathologist. Because the ends of the black ligature were at the back of the neck, I am satisfied that the cord had been pulled tight from that position. The fact that the cords were found tightly wrapped around the deceased’s neck, and that blistering was observed, satisfy me that considerable force was used to affect the strangulation death of the deceased.

10. [318]

    In addition, where the assailant has caused blunt force injuries, including fracturing the deceased’s nose, and then has applied the two cords sequentially with considerable force, I am persuaded that there is no conclusion available, derived only from all of the physical injuries, other than that the assailant acted deliberately. There is no room for a conclusion that the acts of the assailant which caused the death of the deceased were either accidental or involuntary.

11. [319]

    The second matter which I consider to be important is the relationship between the deceased and the accused prior to the Monday. In my view, it can properly be described as a relationship which was not settled. It was in a developmental stage and featured a varying level of commitment. The relationship also showed a much greater desire on the part of the accused to be in a settled context than that of the deceased, who was not as committed as the accused even though in the weeks leading up to the Monday, the deceased had used words such as “I love you” when messaging the accused.

12. [320]

    There are two conversations which demonstrate to me that the accused was having difficulty in accepting the deceased’s attitude to their relationship and was intent on having a fully committed relationship with the deceased.

13. [321]

    Mr English gave an account to police on the afternoon of the Monday that, at Christmas, he had said to the accused, in reference to the deceased, “Paul, she likes you as a friend, you have to accept that”. The deceased reacted in a somewhat oppositional way. Mr English said that the accused “got in my face” and that the accused told him that he had to “… tell Dayna that he was good for her and that he would treat the kids like they were his own”.

14. [322]

    The first conversation of significance which the deceased had with her father, Mr Garry English, was after Christmas, when the deceased said to her father, speaking of the accused, “He wants more than what we have. He’s a really nice guy, he’d do anything for me. We’re just friends. I’ve made it really clear to him, we’re just friends”.

15. [323]

    The second conversation of significance occurred between the deceased and Mrs Deborah English on the Sunday. The deceased told her mother that she and the accused were only friends and that the accused “wanted more but she didn’t”. The deceased told her mother that the accused had said to her that he wanted “all or nothing”. I am satisfied that this was an accurate description of the attitudes of each of the deceased and the accused.

16. [324]

    In addition, messages exchanged between the deceased and the accused during January 2023, which have been obtained by the Cellebrite download from the phone used by the accused, showed a continuing pattern of the accused desiring a much fuller, closer and more settled relationship, which included living together, than the deceased was willing to commit to.

17. [325]

    The messages convey an overall picture that the requests of the deceased to be given more space in their relationship were met with either disappointment, anger, or self-loathing by the accused. Some messages from the accused were expressed in vituperative terms. Of the many exchanges recorded in the evidence, it also became apparent that the accused was jealous of the deceased in the sense that he had formed the opinion that, contrary to his personal interest, the deceased may have had continuing relationships with other men, which was entirely unacceptable to him. His feelings of jealousy, particularly in the week before the deceased’s death, were strongly felt and expressed. The message sent from his phone at 3.56pm on the Monday although after the death of the deceased, is a good example of the feelings of jealousy of the accused (referred to above at [306(b)]). The accused could not accept that the deceased may have been entirely satisfied with a relationship with him which was less than a fully committed one.

18. [326]

    On 11 January 2023 (five days before the deceased was killed), the accused challenged the deceased about her behaviour and suggested that she had lied to him, that there were cigarette butts in her unit which were not his, and which she could not explain, and then when she did proffer an explanation, he did not accept it. This exchange occurred whilst the accused was clearly affected by overwhelming feelings of jealousy, even though he denied this.

19. [327]

    Also on that day, there was an exchange of text messages which indicated that there was a significant degree of distrust between the deceased and accused within their personal relationship. A lengthy text exchange, which occurred over some hours, concluded with mutual suggestions that their relationship had broken down. Those texts were sent at about 8.30pm on the evening of 11 January 2023.

20. [328]

    The two searches of the internet, which included the “Hire a Hacker” website and for a tracking app, were each evidence of the accused’s jealousy. He wanted to be able to track the deceased whilst she was not with him, and to be able to hack into her mobile phone to find out what she was doing and who she was with.

21. [329]

    On the Sunday, as earlier noted, the deceased went with her two children and her mother to the Windsor Pools. They spent the day there together. In the course of the day, a text exchange occurred, which further confirmed the extent to which the accused was dissatisfied with the deceased. At 2.17pm, the accused sent the deceased a message which said:

22. [330]

    The deceased responded at 2.30pm in these terms:

23. [331]

    A further Facebook Messenger exchange occurred between the deceased and the accused on the same day, later in the afternoon from about 5.47pm onwards. This exchange ended at about 6.30pm, from the perspective of the accused, when he sent a text with these words:

24. [332]

    The deceased’s response at slightly before 7.00pm was “Bye Paul”.

25. [333]

    The text exchange resumed later that evening. At about 9.00pm, in a further exchange, the deceased asked the accused via Snapchat, why he hated himself and why he hated her. At 9.14pm, the accused responded:

26. [334]

    The exchanges continued via Snapchat for about another two hours. It included these exchanges. At 11.02pm, the deceased sent a Snapchat message saying, “If you don’t want to talk to me at all anymore tell me now and I’ll leave it that”. At 11.04pm, the accused responded, “Yep. Yep. Yep. And yep. That’s got it”.

27. [335]

    At 11.06pm the deceased sent a message to the accused saying “So you want me to leave you alone forever that’s it? You don’t [want] me in your life at all?” and a following message a few minutes later, “OK no worries I’ll leave you alone”. At 11.31pm the accused responded, “That’s me. Alone … No1 will ever appreciate my worth”.

28. [336]

    Although there was an exchange of texts early on the following morning, the content of those messages does not show that the relationship between the deceased and the accused was back on a balanced footing or an even keel.

29. [337]

    The clear picture emerging from the exchange of texts on the Sunday does not show one of a settled relationship but, rather, one in which conflict and opposition was continuing. My conclusion is that the accused was jealous of the deceased, he was taking offence easily, and expressing himself in unkind words towards the deceased, being manipulative and placing himself at the centre the relationship and his messages. He showed no regard for, or acceptance of, the rather more gentle texts sent to him by the deceased. It is to be noted that, on the morning of the Sunday, the deceased had asked the accused to remove his belongings from her unit.

30. [338]

    In summary, what had occurred by early on the morning of the Monday, was that it had become clear that the accused wanted a settled relationship in which he was the only male figure, that the deceased was not ready to settle into such a relationship and, whilst she clearly had fond feelings for the accused, which she expressed from time to time quite regularly, she wanted to keep a significant degree of separation between them accompanied by a degree of independence. The accused wanted to move in with her and live in the unit. The deceased was not ready for that to occur. She was obviously maintaining friendships with other males. This caused the accused to be jealous of the deceased.

31. [339]

    Another feature of the accused’s attitude to his relationship with the deceased emerged in the evidence of the accused. The accused knew that Mikkel, the deceased’s husband who was in jail, was having regular contact with the deceased. Because the accused was “dirty on him", that is, had a particular dislike of Mikkel, he explained in his evidence, his motivation, “hence why I was sleeping with his wife”. The suggestion embodied in this evidence and the circumstances stands to the contrary of there being a loving relationship on the part of the accused. Rather, it suggests that the relationship was motivated by revenge against Mikel Isaac.

32. [340]

    There was the underlying friction and ongoing conflict in the relationship between the accused and the deceased to a very significant extent. The tone of their messages reflected this underlying tension. It also reflected the fact that the accused was persistent in his attempts to establish the relationship in the way in which he wished without regard to the feelings of the deceased, and that the deceased was resisting that development in the relationship. The accused was jealous of the deceased and her contact with other men, including Mikkel Isaac.

33. [341]

    These conclusions demonstrate that the picture painted by the accused to police in the Recorded Interview about the relationship being a good one was clearly false. The accused’s evidence in the trial about the relationship also significantly understated the true effect of the disharmony between he and the deceased. It cannot be accepted.

34. [342]

    Before proceeding to any further consideration of the evidence of Ms Ryan, because relevant and important parts of it fall within the definition of identification evidence within the Dictionary to the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), I ought to give myself a number of directions of law and remind myself of the potential unreliability of identification evidence.

35. [343]

    Insofar as the evidence given by the witness, Ms Ryan identifies the accused either visually, or by the male voice which was heard, it must be approached by me with special caution before I accept it as reliable. Just because I assess Ms Ryan as an honest witness, that does not necessarily mean that her voice or visual identification evidence is reliable. And so it is that I must exercise special caution when considering the reliability of her evidence. Experience of criminal courts over the years has demonstrated that identification evidence generally can be unreliable and thereby result in a miscarriage of justice when the wrong person is convicted after a trial.

36. [344]

    The caution which I must exercise includes caution as to whether I should accept the evidence at all and, if accepted, the extent to which weight can be given to it.

37. [345]

    I need to carefully consider the circumstances in which Ms Ryan made her observations and heard the male and female voices because those circumstances can affect the reliability of her evidence. One such circumstance is that Ms Ryan had never met, or spoken directly to, the accused, nor had she heard him yelling at the deceased, although she had heard his raised voice in the context of controlling the children. As well, the circumstance that she had seen the accused around with the deceased and her children for some weeks before the death of the deceased means that she may have mistakenly concluded that the male she saw was the accused. Another circumstance is that the voices were heard from inside the unit which was across the hallway from Ms Ryan’s unit and were not being directly spoken to her without intervening walls. There are other circumstances which do not need specific identification here. But all of the circumstances in which the identification was made must be carefully considered before the Court can be satisfied of the accuracy and reliability of Ms Ryan’s evidence.

38. [346]

    I note by way of background to the consideration of her evidence, that it was not submitted by the accused that I should be persuaded that Ms Ryan was anything other than an honest witness. The accused submitted, however, that her voice identification was unreliable, mistaken and ought not be accepted. He repeated that submission that about Ms Ryan's description of the clothes being worn by the accused.

39. [347]

    I formed a very favourable view of Ms Ryan as a witness and I accept her evidence. I thought her observations were careful, I thought that she had a good recollection of what occurred, that she was careful to give evidence without embellishment and to answer questions directly and without hesitation. She was not prone to exaggeration.

40. [348]

    As well, generally speaking, she was corroborated in material respects by contemporaneous evidence gathered in the Crown case, including by CCTV, by the unchallenged evidence of Janet Tsiliris, by call charge records and by her own text message communications, and by the fact that she called the police to attend the deceased’s unit.

41. [349]

    Her observations were carefully made. She had experience of making observations because of her employment in the security industry over a number of years, including as an outside security guard, or an event security guard, where part of her work was to observe people in order to ensure the security of the events with which she was concerned.

42. [350]

    Ms Ryan gave this evidence, which I accept, in the context of being asked about her experience of being an outside security guard:

43. [351]

    This description shows that Ms Ryan was a careful observer of what was occurring and, allowing for the appropriate special caution, I am well satisfied that her observations and identifications were reliable, and accurate.

44. [352]

    Ms Ryan’s evidence is anchored and corroborated by a number of matters and circumstances which have not been put in dispute.

45. [353]

    First, Ms Ryan knew of the accused by previous sight, and previously hearing his voice, whilst he was with the deceased and being in her unit. In other words, she was not observing a figure wholly unknown, or out of context, to her.

46. [354]

    Secondly, Ms Ryan had the opportunity of seeing the accused twice on the day the deceased was killed. The first time, when he left the unit; and the second, when he returned with his mother. She was able to connect the later identification to confirm the earlier identification of the accused.

47. [355]

    Thirdly, Ms Ryan’s identification of the accused as the person being at the unit on both occasions was not challenged by senior counsel for the accused. She was cross-examined about the clothes which she described the accused wearing. Rather, the evidence of the accused (as opposed to his Recorded Interview with police) provided a narrative which accommodated the fact that Ms Ryan had accurately recognised him when he first left the deceased’s unit and then when he returned to it with his mother.

48. [356]

    Fourthly, for me, another significant reason to accept Ms Ryan’s evidence about the identity of the male who she heard and then saw, is the text message, which was essentially contemporaneous with what she had heard, in which she told her partner at 1.21pm that she had heard “the neighbour beating the shit out of his missus – you should have heard the screaming”. That was, in my view, an entirely correct perception. It is a contemporaneous identification of the voices which she heard, namely, the male and female voices being the male and female who were in a relationship connected with the unit across the hall where the deceased lived, and the accused visited. It is a contemporaneous record of a violent physical assault.

49. [357]

    Fifthly, Ms Ryan’s evidence is corroborated by the unchallenged evidence of Janet Tsiliris, who says that she returned with the accused to the deceased’s unit later on the afternoon of the Monday. Ms Tsiliris’ evidence that she entered the unit briefly, saw the deceased and ran out of the unit, is consistent with Ms Ryan’s evidence as to what she saw and heard. I also note that the CCTV compilation puts the timing of this visit as happening between 2.27pm and 2.31pm, which evidence accords with that of Ms Ryan. Her evidence is also corroborated by the fact that the accused is seen later that afternoon whilst riding his bicycle with a green Woolworths-style reusable bag. She gave evidence that she had seen the accused leaving the unit with such a bag immediately after the death of the deceased.

50. [358]

    I note that the version of the events provided by Ms Tsiliris does not include her conversation with the accused asking him what he had done. I do not regard this as reflecting adversely on the accuracy of Ms Ryan’s evidence. Rather, Ms Tsiliris’ statement is likely to reflect her natural desire as a parent not to directly implicate her son in any wrongdoing by including the words which Ms Ryan heard, and any other earlier conversation with her son, which caused her to make that remark.

51. [359]

    As I have earlier mentioned, the evidence of Ms Ryan is corroborated by the text message which she sent to her partner at 1.21pm and the second text message which she sent to a work colleague at 2.19pm, the contents of which are set out above at [122]. Given that, according to call charge records, there is an absence of any telephone calls being made by either the accused, or the deceased, at any time after the last phone call from the deceased finished at about 1.11pm, there is no reason to think that the voices Ms Ryan heard were not those of the deceased and the accused in the unit addressing each other. Neither of them were talking on the telephone to a third party.

52. [360]

    A sixth matter is that the injuries identified by the post-mortem examination reflect the fact that the deceased was subject to a severe physical assault and was then killed by strangulation. The photographs of the deceased’s unit show that the assault on the deceased and her strangulation occurred whilst she was in her unit. This is consistent with the voices, words and sounds that Ms Ryan says she heard. But more importantly, there is a significant coincidence in what Ms Ryan heard and observed with the forensic evidence recorded at the scene of the crime, which will be noted below.

53. [361]

    A seventh matter is that the accused is captured on CCTV footage driving the RAV4 away from the deceased’s unit shortly after Ms Ryan identifies him as the male leaving the deceased’s unit and going down into the carpark.

54. [362]

    I am satisfied that I should accept that the voices which Ms Ryan heard were those of the accused and the deceased. Whilst I accept that voice identification evidence may be unreliable and has been shown to be so in the past, and it must be approached with special caution before I accept it as reliable and correct, I have reached the necessary state of persuasion here. First, Ms Ryan had heard the voice of the accused before in circumstances where it had been raised in the course of giving directions to the young children who lived with the deceased in her unit. Secondly, Ms Ryan had a good opportunity to hear the voice. She heard it initially. She minimised the background noise in her unit so that she could more easily hear what was happening. She walked to the door of her unit, and then outside it, and listened carefully. She could clearly hear some of the words which were being said. She was able to identify two voices – a male and a female voice, and to hear the words which were being spoken by each. Thirdly, she was giving the incident her full and undivided attention and was paying careful note. She had a particular reason to take note because of what was being said, the fact that the voices were raised, and the other noises which she heard, because of her general apprehension about her own safety and the safety of her partner, and their pet dog.

55. [363]

    Importantly, I accept Ms Ryan’s evidence that no other person, other than the accused, was heard to enter or leave the unit from the time her attention was first drawn to the unit by the noise of a violent, physical struggle until the accused returned with his mother.

56. [364]

    I conclude beyond reasonable doubt that Ms Ryan heard the voices of the accused and the deceased whilst they were engaged in a physical struggle and, once quietness descended, she saw the accused leave the deceased’s unit and go down to the carpark.

57. [365]

    I also record that Ms Ryan’s evidence generally was not the subject of adverse attack in cross-examination. It was not suggested that she had made up or invented her evidence. What was challenged in cross-examination was whether her identification of the male voice as that of the accused was correctly made. She was tested as to her evidence, describing the clothing worn by the person whom she identified as the accused and whom she saw leaving the deceased’s unit. There was no evidence which contradicted what she said the accused was wearing when he left the deceased’s unit. In this respect, her evidence that the accused was the person who left the unit was, in fact, ultimately corroborated by the evidence of the accused himself who said that he had left the unit after he saw the deceased lying on the bed and then went down to the carpark to drive away in the deceased’s car, the RAV4. He also said that he later returned to the unit complex with his mother.

58. [366]

    It is unnecessary for me to resolve the challenge to Ms Ryan as to what the accused was wearing when he left the deceased’s unit on the first occasion. Given that the important question of whether it was the accused who left the deceased’s unit has been determined, and ultimately was not disputed in final submissions, the description of what clothes he was wearing is of no import.

59. [367]

    Whilst the absence of cross-examination is not a basis for drawing any inference adverse to the accused, and I do not do so, it is a matter which can be considered in assessing the reliability of the evidence given. Of course, it is but one of the many matters which combine in making that assessment.

60. [368]

    Ms Ryan’s evidence enables me to be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that she heard the sounds of a physical struggle. She heard the voices of the accused, and the deceased. She heard the accused saying to the deceased, “Shut up”. She heard the deceased yelling “Don’t’” and “Stop”, and then she heard a very loud scream which she described as “One of the worst screams I’ve ever heard in my life”. This was all observed after she heard some initial banging and some elevated, raised voices and yelling. She did not hear any loud bang “… like a bomb went off”, as the accused said occurred at the end of the struggle. Rather, after that scream, she heard only silence and then saw the accused leaving the unit.

61. [369]

    In the circumstances discussed, and because of the reasons expressed, I accept the evidence of Ms Ryan, which together with other evidence referred to, satisfies me beyond reasonable doubt of the following:

    1. (1)

       at a time shortly after the 1.08pm phone call of the deceased ended, there was an argument between the accused and the deceased in the deceased’s unit;

    2. (2)

       there was a violent physical assault by the accused upon the deceased, which the deceased was resisting;

    3. (3)

       the argument and the physical assault came to finality when Ms Ryan heard “… probably one of the worst screams I’ve ever heard in my life”;

    4. (4)

       there was no sound coming from the deceased’s unit which could possibly be described as “… an awful bang” which sounded “… like a bomb went off…”;

    5. (5)

       a short period of complete silence followed, before the accused left the deceased’s unit and walked calmly down to the carpark carrying a green Woolworths-style bag;

    6. (6)

       no other person had come out of the deceased’s unit or through the glass door in the foyer between Units 18 and 19 during or immediately after the argument, and prior to, or after, the accused leaving to walk down to the carpark;

    7. (7)

       the accused later returned to the deceased’s unit with his mother.

62. [370]

    I have concluded, from all of the evidence, including from Ms Ryan as to what she heard, from the post mortem examination, the damage to the wall opposite the front door, the blood smears or drops found at the scene, and the position of the deceased’s body, including the ligatures around her neck, that when the deceased voluntarily opened her front door, an argument ensued, during which the deceased was pushed back into the wall, causing the large area of indentation. She was then physically assaulted and was either dragged, or else, in the course of the struggle, moved, into the bedroom, where she was again the subject of blunt force trauma inflicted by means of the assailant’s fists in the vicinity of the bedroom door, such that she aspirated a mixture of blood and saliva with some force from her mouth onto that door, and thereafter attempted to take hold of the door to prevent further assault, thereby leaving her palm prints on it.

63. [371]

    Having regard to the presence of the DNA of the accused around her wrists, both back and front, in my view the deceased was probably dragged onto her bed by the accused, where she was strangled using both of the ligatures.

64. [372]

    As well, the accused’s DNA was found under a fingernail on the deceased’s left hand. That, I am satisfied, came about at some moment, which cannot be clearly pinpointed, in the course of the struggle between the deceased and the accused.

65. [373]

    Earlier in this judgment, when discussing the evidence of Ms Campbell at [188]‑[191], I concluded that I was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the DNA of the accused was found in the vagina and in the vulval area of the deceased. I also noted the expert evidence of Ms Campbell at [208]-[210], which I wholly accept, that skin cells containing a person’s DNA can be detected “… within the first 24 to 48 hours, possibly up to 72 hours, but that’s much less likely than within the first 24 hours…”

66. [374]

    I also conclude that, having regard to the activities engaged in by the deceased on the Sunday, namely swimming and showering, that there is no reasonable possibility that the DNA of the accused on the vulval swab could have been deposited there prior to the deceased’s visit to the Windsor Pools on the Sunday, and thereafter to have persisted. I hold the same conclusion with respect to the vaginal swab.

67. [375]

    These conclusions are consistent with the evidence, which is that the accused was not in the company of the deceased, prior to her death, after, at the latest, the Sunday morning. Although it is not entirely clear, it is likely that, notwithstanding the exchange of Snapchat messages, the accused stayed at least some part of the night at the deceased’s unit on the Saturday. They spent the night together on Friday 13 January 2023 at a hotel in Parramatta. There is no evidence before the Court that the accused and the deceased had sexual intercourse on either of these two evenings, or at any other time within 72 hours prior to the death of the deceased. There is no evidence as to whether, if they did have sexual intercourse, a condom was used. There is certainly no possibility of any intercourse having taken place in the period of around 30 hours from the Sunday morning when the deceased left with her mother to go to the Windsor Pools, and prior to her murder.

68. [376]

    And as well, I am persuaded that, on the probabilities, the likelihood is that any DNA present in the area of the deceased’s vulva, prior to her leaving her unit on the Sunday, would have been washed or cleaned off during the course of that day because of her swimming, including to the depth of her shoulders, and later showering before going to bed. In light of the absence of evidence of the occurrence of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact between the accused and the deceased, and the conclusion just expressed about the effect of swimming and showering, I am satisfied that there is no possibility at all that the occasion for the deposition of the DNA of the accused which was found in the deceased’s vulva and vagina post-mortem occurred prior to her death.

69. [377]

    In the cross-examination of Ms Campbell, senior counsel for the accused raised questions which touched on the topic of the DNA profiles which were found having been deposited initially, or else transferred, from another surface (or person) in the course of ordinary domestic and personal contact.

70. [378]

    Ms Campbell accepted that, depending upon the circumstances, there was a possibility that transfer could occur in the course of a domestic relationship in which the accused and deceased were cohabiting.

71. [379]

    Ms Campbell noted, in her evidence, some factors which would affect the possibility of a DNA transfer. These factors included:

72. [380]

    The accused submitted that the DNA identified as having his profile in the swabs which were tested at FASS, were capable of an explanation consistent with the innocence of the accused, namely that either the deposition of the DNA, or else a transfer of it from another surface, could have occurred as an ordinary incident of a domestic relationship which included cohabitation from time to time.

73. [381]

    I do not accept this submission and positively reject it. Ms Campbell’s evidence was carefully expressed in terms of theoretical possibilities. She was not asked to, nor did she express any opinion about whether transfer happened in the circumstances before the Court, or not.

74. [382]

    A mere theoretical possibility of the transfer of DNA between people and surfaces, or between two individuals, amounts to mere speculation when applied to the facts, matters and circumstances actually proved here.

75. [383]

    Most importantly, however, it is the widespread occurrence of the accused’s DNA profile, on various parts of the outer clothing and underwear of the deceased, at various areas of the black ligature used to strangle the deceased and on the white cord which was originally connected to the white ligature, the bedroom door in the area of the blood at marker F1, under one of the deceased’s fingernails, on her vulva and inside her vagina, in light of the context and history, which demonstrates that they have not all occurred as a consequence of unintentional transfer. The DNA profiles have been found on surfaces which are all directly associated with the killing of the deceased and, in particular, places which would necessarily have been touched by the person who killed the deceased or had sexual intercourse with the deceased at that time.

76. [384]

    It would defy common sense to accept that each of the DNA profiles of the accused identified in the evidence of Ms Campbell as coming from the particular locations were transferred there in the course of an ordinary domestic relationship with intermittent cohabitation, where the deceased and the accused had not been in each other’s presence, and the accused had not been in the deceased’s unit for a period of time of about 26 hours.

77. [385]

    For those reasons, and in the context of the findings of fact which I have made, I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused’s DNA was deposited in a widespread way in the course of the physical assault which took place, the killing of the deceased and the sexual intercourse which took place immediately afterwards.

78. [386]

    It is clear that the deceased lost partial control of her bowels because faeces was found in her black trousers, in her underpants and on the lower part of her body. From the location of the faecal staining inside her trousers and in her underpants, and the absence of any report of faecal remnants or stains on the bed sheets in the vicinity of where the deceased was lying on the bed when found, that loss of control, I am satisfied, must have occurred whilst her trousers were still in their usual position and fastened around her waist, and before they were pulled down to the position they were found in by the police.

79. [387]

    The presence of the accused’s DNA on the inside of the waistband of the deceased’s trousers and underpants, and in the area of the zipper and button on the front of her trousers, satisfies me beyond reasonable doubt that the accused unbuttoned and unzipped her trousers and then pulled them, and her underpants, down after he had strangled the deceased and whilst she was on the bed. The presence of the accused’s DNA on the leg area of the pants indicates that he, having initially pulled them down by the waist, then attempted to pull them further down by using the trouser legs.

80. [388]

    The DNA recovered from the deceased’s vaginal area and vulva, I am satisfied, was from the accused. The confidence assessment by Ms Campbell, the scientist at FASS, has persuaded me that this is so. I have already drawn attention to my conclusion that, in the circumstances revealed in the evidence, the DNA was not deposited prior to the Sunday evening when the deceased showered before going to bed, having spent the day swimming at the Windsor Pools.

81. [389]

    There is no evidence or any available inference which could explain how the accused’s DNA came to be in these two areas of the body of the deceased, other than by a part, or parts, of his body being in contact with the vagina and vulva of the deceased following that Sunday evening shower.

82. [390]

    The combination of the following matters, namely the presence of the accused’s DNA in the deceased’s vagina and vulval area, the position of the deceased’s body on the bed, and the fact that after she had been strangled, her trousers and underpants had been pulled down to below her knees and near her ankles, satisfies me that the accused then sexually assaulted the deceased. Although no sperm cells were found, I am nevertheless satisfied that the only way in which the accused’s DNA could be found inside the deceased’s vagina was if he had inserted his penis into the deceased’s vagina and touched the deceased’s vulva with it.

83. [391]

    I accept the Crown’s submission that it has proved, in my view, beyond reasonable doubt, that the accused had sexual intercourse with the deceased after her death.

Consciousness of Guilt

1. [392]

   The Crown relies on the conduct of the accused after the death of the deceased as indicating his guilt of the offence.

2. [393]

   The features of the accused’s conduct were these:

3. [394]

   The Crown also relies upon a text message sent by the accused, to the deceased (at [306(b)]), evidence of which is available from the Cellebrite download – the contents of which, the Crown submits, were clearly intended to blame someone else for the killing of the deceased and thereby avoid implicating himself.

4. [395]

   Finally, the Crown relies upon a series of lies told to police in the course of the Recorded Interview, on the afternoon of the arrest of the accused, and what he said to others at various times on the afternoon of the Monday.

5. [396]

   Post-offence conduct, including the telling of lies, can be relied upon as evidencing consciousness of guilt. Such conduct can constitute circumstances from which an inference can be drawn as to the guilt of the accused, based on what was done after the offence.

6. [397]

   However, I direct myself that, before considering whether the post-offence conduct of the accused amounts, as the Crown submits, to a consciousness of guilt on his part, I need to remind myself of these legal principles, and to act in accordance with them:

   1. (1)

      I must be satisfied that the accused’s conduct relied upon by the Crown occurred as the Crown alleges;

   2. (2)

      I must be satisfied that the accused’s conduct is related to the unlawful killing of the deceased, rather than some other culpable act; and

   3. (3)

      I must be satisfied that the reason why the accused behaved as he did, was because he feared revealing that he had unlawfully killed the deceased, or he feared that he would be implicated in a significant circumstance or event related to her death.

7. [398]

   Part of the post-offence conduct relied upon by the Crown are the lies told by the accused, to police, during the Recorded Interview, and to Garry English on the Monday afternoon. With respect to such lies, before I can take them into account as evidence of the guilt of the accused, I must be satisfied that the so‑called lies relied upon by the Crown were, in fact, statements made by the accused which were, to his knowledge, untrue when he made them.

8. [399]

   I must also be satisfied that the lies which were told to the police relate to an issue which is relevant to the offence with which the accused is charged, that is, a significant circumstance or event connected with the alleged offence.

9. [400]

   I must be satisfied that the reason the accused told the lie (or lies) was because he feared that telling the truth might reveal his guilt in respect of the alleged offence. In other words, the accused feared that telling the truth might implicate him in the unlawful killing of the deceased for which he has stood trial.

10. [401]

    Finally, I must remember that people do not always act rationally, and that the telling of lies by the accused may be explainable in other ways. That is, a person may have a reason for lying, apart from trying to conceal their guilt. For example, a lie might be told out of panic, to escape an unjustified accusation or to protect some other person. A lie told for a reason unrelated to the unlawful killing of the deceased must be disregarded by me.

11. [402]

    The lies told to the police by the accused in the course of his Recorded Interview had the effect of placing him nowhere near the scene of the killing. He also told lies about the state of his relationship with the deceased by painting a picture of it which was quite different from the truth revealed in the evidence. The lies also painted an entirely false picture of where he was, and gave an account of his movements, all of which would exculpate him from the offence. The accused accepted, in his evidence, that he had told such lies in an attempt to remove himself from the scene where the deceased had been killed. He also falsely pretended to the police, in the Recorded Interview, that he had no idea what had happened to the deceased, and that he was doing the interview to find out what had happened.

12. [403]

    He said that he did so intentionally because he was distrustful of the police, who, he anticipated, would be seeking to blame him, falsely, for the death of the deceased.

13. [404]

    Concentrating upon the lies told to police, there is no question (and the accused admits) that the statements relied upon were a deliberate lie and that he knew them to be false at the time they were made. The question is whether I am satisfied that the only explanation for those lies is that the accused knew that the truth of the matter, about which he lied, would implicate him in the offence, and I must necessarily consider whether there may be reasons for the telling of a lie apart from a consciousness of his guilt of the offence with which he was charged.

14. [405]

    The accused’s presence at the scene of the deceased’s death would undoubtedly tend to implicate him in the crime. At the time of the Recorded Interview, the accused could not have known what evidence the police possessed which put him at the scene, or inside the deceased’s unit. The accused could not have known that Ms Ryan had given a statement which identified him as being at the scene and involved in the verbal argument which she heard. The accused could not have known of the CCTV which captured him leaving the unit complex in the RAV4 and driving it to various locations. The only person whom he knew had been at the scene was his mother who was there with him. He simply thought, in my opinion, that if he denied being at the scene, he could avoid being suspected of committing the offence. He went so far as to say rather vehemently, when confronted with some detail in his mother’s statement, that it was “bullshit” and that his mother was a compulsive liar. Having regard to the facts of what occurred, these statements were patently false, to his knowledge.

15. [406]

    As well, the accused asked the interviewing police, on a number of occasions, to tell him how the deceased had died – he said: “I want to hear how she was killed … beautiful girl, beautiful heart”. These questions were asked in a context where the accused had also lied about the state of the relationship with the deceased. He told police that their relationship had been good during the month or so prior to the Recorded Interview. The accused said that there had been no arguments in the evening or during the night of the Saturday. He also said that there was nothing wrong on the Sunday in their communications.

16. [407]

    An account of a lie told by the accused, to Garry English, was given by the accused to police in his Recorded Interview. At Q.402, he said:

17. [408]

    This conversation was an attempt, by the accused, to positively mislead the deceased’s father. The accused was falsely pretending to know nothing at all about the deceased’s then whereabouts, or her state, or the fate of her RAV4. In repeating that lie to police in the Recorded Interview, the accused was attempting to emphasise a position which he knew to be false, namely, that he had no idea about the deceased, or what may have happened to her. He was feigning his state of mind that she was alive.

18. [409]

    In considering whether there may be any reason for the accused to have told lies to police in his Recorded Interview, apart from his consciousness of guilt, it seems to me that the facts and circumstances leading up to that interview need to be examined. It may be taken as a starting point that the accused, at least by reason of his activities in dealing in drugs, had a reason to be cautious of police when having any interaction with them.

19. [410]

    However, I note that prior to his participation in the Recorded Interview, the accused received advice from a lawyer that he was not obliged to, and should not, take part in any interview with police, but he chose, nevertheless, to do so.

20. [411]

    In the course of the Recorded Interview, he chose to tell lies to the police which gave a completely false story as to his movements on the day in question. He also lied about the state of his relationship and interactions with the deceased. He told lies deliberately, I am satisfied, not because of any distrust or suspicion of the police, particularly in circumstances where whatever he said was being recorded, but rather to give an explanation which was intended to avoid being implicated in the offence which he knew he had committed. He was not scared of the police either. His demeanour during the Recorded Interview speaks to the contrary.

21. [412]

    The lies he told to the police were clearly told because he knew he was guilty of the offence and wished to avoid implicating himself in the offence. There was simply no other reason for his telling such lies. After all, if he was really suspicious and distrustful of the police, as he now asserts, he could simply have declined to answer any questions, or else not participated in the interview. This would not have surprised the interviewing police because, as they noted at the start of his Recorded Interview, he had received legal advice not to participate in the interview, as was his legal entitlement.

22. [413]

    The text message sent at about 3.56pm on the Monday, which was addressed to the deceased at a time after the deceased had been killed and at a time when the accused had taken the deceased’s car and burnt it, in circumstances where the content of the message was intended to point at a possible offender other than the accused, and also to pretend that he did not know that the deceased was dead, was conduct establishing, in my opinion, that the accused was attempting to positively mislead anybody who investigated the offence.

23. [414]

    The accused was deliberately laying a false trail to cover up his involvement in the offence, by sending a text message which he knew to be untrue. By his own admission, given in his evidence in Court, the accused had seen the deceased injured and unresponsive to his calling out to her, sprawled out on her bed, in circumstances where there was considerable blood in the unit. When, after a period of about 50 minutes or so, he returned to the unit, with his mother, the scene was the same.

24. [415]

    The accused did not call an ambulance. In my view, having regard to all of the facts and circumstances, that was because he knew the deceased was dead, and wanted to avoid being implicated in her unlawful killing. He knew the deceased was dead because he had deliberately strangled her.

25. [416]

    The accused did not wish there to be any fact or matter associating him with the unlawful killing of the deceased or with being at the scene. Consequently, the accused left the scene without notifying the ambulance or the police. If, as he says in his evidence, the accused came upon the fact that the deceased had been the subject of an assault and appeared to be lifeless, lying on the bed, then there is no reason for him not to have called an ambulance or the police, or at the very least to have asked his mother to call an ambulance or the police. Indeed, there was every reason for him to do so, because he did not know, on his version of events, that she was in fact dead.

26. [417]

    Whilst it has not been necessary for me to rely upon these facts as being primary evidence demonstrating the guilt, beyond reasonable doubt, of the accused, they are certainly circumstances which add to, and support, the conclusion which I have earlier reached.

27. [418]

    On any view, the post-offence conduct, the telling of lies and the sending of a false text message do not provide any evidence supportive of the accused’s version of events, nor of his innocence.

Assessment of the Accused’s Evidence

1. [419]

   In contrast to the findings made so far, it is necessary for me to consider whether I accept the evidence of the accused; or else whether, even if I do not accept it, it might be true. If I form either of these opinions, then I must acquit the accused.

2. [420]

   In the context of the relationship as at the Monday morning, I am satisfied that it is entirely improbable (that is, not a reasonable possibility) that the deceased had given keys to the accused to access her unit. The effect of the accused having keys to the deceased’s unit would have been that he could come and go whenever he wanted to and enter the deceased’s unit at any time of his choosing, without any arrangement first being made with the deceased. Had the accused been given, as he asserts, a set of keys, and could therefore come and go as he pleased, then that would be the very antithesis of the relationship which the deceased had said that she wanted to have, and would have significantly impacted on her freedom to interact with male friends in her unit and to have time to herself without the accused present.

3. [421]

   The undisputed fact that the deceased had required the accused to remove his belongings from her unit on the Sunday morning would also be inconsistent with the accused thereafter having keys to the deceased’s unit. As well, the deceased denied to her mother that the accused had a set of keys to her unit. There is no reason to conclude that she was not telling the truth to her mother, with whom she had a good relationship.

4. [422]

   It follows that I do not accept the evidence of the accused that, on the Monday morning, he had a set of keys which permitted him to access the accused’s unit whilst she was not there. Accordingly, I do not accept that he let himself into the deceased’s unit at, or shortly after, 9.30am on the Monday.

5. [423]

   The only way the accused could have entered the deceased’s unit before her death was if the deceased had opened the door to him when he knocked, or else if he entered at the same time as she did when she returned home from her work trial. The accused’s evidence is contrary to this conclusion, and I do not accept it.

6. [424]

   I am, however, satisfied that the accused did have a key to the deceased’s unit when he returned with his mother on the afternoon of the Monday. That was because, as he says, he took the deceased’s car keys when he left the unit and drove away at about 1.25pm. I am satisfied that the deceased’s car keys would have had a key to the doors enabling access to the deceased’s unit with them.

7. [425]

   I am satisfied that the accused was in the general vicinity of the deceased’s unit on the day she was killed. Available CCTV footage tracks the accused leaving his grandfather’s house at Cranebrook, at 9.00am. He travels south towards Penrith and then along High Street, in a generally easterly direction, until he reaches the intersection of High Street and Colless Street. There, he is captured turning right into Colless Street, at 9.25am. From that intersection, the deceased’s unit is in a complex which is in the second block to the south, and on the eastern side. The western side of Colless Street comprises the grounds of Penrith High School. Between the intersection of High Street and Colless Street, and the deceased’s unit, is a street running generally parallel to High Street named Barber Avenue. The intersection of Barber Avenue and Colless Street, and the properties which face Barber Avenue, are not captured on the CCTV footage which is available from 16 Colless Street, and which is further south of the deceased’s unit complex. There are many places between the intersection of High Street and Colless Street, and the CCTV range of the camera at 16 Colless Street, where the accused could have waited, unobserved, for the deceased to arrive home at her unit, so that he could enter it.

8. [426]

   I am also satisfied, from observations on the CCTV footage, that the deceased collected red rope and box-tape from the Cranebrook property and took those items with him when he cycled towards the deceased’s unit that morning. I have concluded that they were not going to be used for packing up Christmas decorations, as the accused said. There are a number of reasons for this conclusion. First, the only item visible in the photographs taken of the inside of the deceased’s unit which could fulfill the description of Christmas decorations was an artificial tree resting against a wall in the deceased’s bedroom. It and the rest of the deceased’s unit are entirely devoid of any Christmas decorations. Secondly, the suggested means for packing up the decorations was the red rope and box-tape – neither of which would be appropriate for use on the tree which was visible in the photograph. Thirdly, there is no discussion in the text or messaging communications of any arrangement to pack up that tree, or any other Christmas decorations, if they in fact existed, nor of any intention to meet up on the Monday after the deceased finished her work trial, for that or any other purpose.

9. [427]

   Finally, the state of the relationship at that time between the accused and the deceased was such as to make it completely improbable that the accused would consider it appropriate to attend the deceased’s unit to wait for her to return home so that they could jointly engage in such an ordinary and banal domestic task.

10. [428]

    It follows that I do not accept the evidence of the accused that he and the deceased were going to pack up Christmas decorations on the Monday, nor that he took the red rope and box-tape with him to the deceased’s unit for that purpose.

11. [429]

    Wherever in the vicinity of the deceased’s unit that the accused was on the Monday morning, he was not inside the deceased’s unit, and only entered either when, or else shortly after, the deceased returned home. His evidence that he was in the unit from 9.30am, or thereabouts, until he left after discovering the deceased, cannot be accepted.

12. [430]

    According to the call charge records relating to the accused’s telephone, the last connection on the Monday morning to a cell tower was at 9.25am. According to the Cellebrite download, the last message actually sent by the accused was at 8.35am, being a Snapchat message, which was sent before he cycled from the Cranebrook property to the vicinity of the unit complex.

13. [431]

    The Cellebrite records show that, at 2.03pm on the Monday, the accused’s phone was powered on and connected to a cell tower located at 86 Palmyra Avenue, Willmot. According to the call charge records, the accused’s telephone reconnected with a cell tower at Willmot at 2.02pm.

14. [432]

    I am satisfied that, when the accused arrived in the general vicinity of Colless Street and the unit complex at about 9.30am on the Monday, he intentionally switched his mobile telephone off, and it remained switched off until a little after 2.00pm, when he switched it back on.

15. [433]

    The accused gave an explanation as to what he was doing on the Monday to NSW Police during his Recorded Interview on the Tuesday. He told police that he recalled going for a bicycle ride out in the bush, in an area he described as the “Drop Zone”. He told police he was unable to specify the time when he was engaged in this bicycle ride through the bush. He told them the reason for that in these words:

16. [434]

    I am well satisfied that this account is false for a number of objectively ascertainable reasons. First, because the accused admitted its falsity at trial.

17. [435]

    Secondly, notwithstanding that he told the police that he was riding his bicycle in the bush on the afternoon of 16 January 2023, the CCTV recordings, the evidence of his mother, Janet Tsiliris, the evidence of Ms Ryan and the fact that he burned the deceased’s motor vehicle at Castlereagh, all demonstrate that he was not riding his bicycle in the bush on that afternoon.

18. [436]

    Thirdly, the call records do not indicate that he had his phone turned off for most of the day as he told police. The phone was turned off mostly in the morning for 4½ hours. When he did turn the telephone back on, according to the Cellebrite records, there were only two Snapchat messages – one from the deceased and one from his mother – which had been received during the period in which the accused’s telephone had been turned off. There had been three missed calls. It was simply false to say to the police that there were messages from Dayna and messages “from everybody”.

19. [437]

    Fourthly, in his evidence, the accused gave conflicting descriptions of the fact that his telephone was not connected to the cell tower network. In his evidence-in-chief, the accused said this when describing what he did after he discovered that the deceased was lying on the bed in her bedroom:

20. [438]

    This answer suggested that he had not turned his phone off but, rather, it had ceased to connect to the network because it had run out of battery, although according to his evidence, the accused, at some unidentified time, had commenced to recharge it from a portable charger he had taken to the unit.

21. [439]

    In the course of cross-examination, the accused gave this evidence with respect to his telephone on the Monday:

22. [440]

    Later in his cross-examination, he gave this evidence:

23. [441]

    I do not accept that the reason the accused’s telephone was not connected to the network via various cell towers, for a period of 4½ hours, was because its charge had run out, and it was necessary for the phone to be recharged. That is simply an explanation which I cannot accept. If the phone had died, and needed recharging, there was no need to, and it would be illogical to, turn it off. If the charge had expired first, it could not have been turned off. Once connected to a recharge source, which the accused said was the case, a mobile phone does not need to be fully charged – a process which may take a period of some hours – before it connects back to a network. A mobile telephone can be connected to a network with only a small amount of charge existing. Given the accused’s use of his phone, which seems to be regular, even if the phone had been turned off just prior to running out of power, it is in my view unlikely that the accused would not have accessed the phone as soon as it had power sufficient for him to reconnect to the network. In other words, it is against all probability that the accused would have left the phone switched off, even though there was adequate power to enable him to reconnect to the network unless he deliberately did not wish to be contacted, or for his whereabouts to be traced through the connection with various cell towers.

24. [442]

    It is also relevant to my conclusion that, when reconnected to the network, the accused had already left the scene of the killing at the deceased’s unit. He was some kilometres away, and about half an hour had elapsed since he left the deceased’s unit, before he turned his telephone back on. In other words, I conclude that he had decided to make sure that his phone was not able to be traced to the vicinity of the deceased’s unit during the time that the deceased was killed and that he only switched it back on when it could not be said that he was in the vicinity of the deceased’s unit.

25. [443]

    In my opinion, the accused deliberately switched his telephone off and left it switched off until approximately 2.00pm, so that he would not leave any trace of his location being at, or else in the near vicinity of, the deceased’s unit, so as to avoid being implicated in the death of the deceased. I do not accept his evidence which is to the contrary of this conclusion.

26. [444]

    The accused gave an explanation that he attended at the deceased’s unit with the rope and box-tape for the purpose of tidying up and putting away the Christmas tree and decorations that were in the unit. The accused first gave this account in the course of his evidence. He had not given it to the police in the course of his Recorded Interview. I do not accept the accused’s evidence that that was the purpose of his visit to the deceased’s unit, nor his explanation as to why he took the rope or box tape. I have earlier at [426]-[427] set out my reasons for rejecting this account of the accused.

27. [445]

    I am well satisfied that the accused’s sworn evidence as to this purpose was invented by him to account for the fact that he had been filmed taking rope and a roll of box-tape on his bicycle when he went towards the deceased’s unit on the morning of the Monday. It is most unlikely that, at the time of his police interview, the accused realised that there would be recoverable CCTV footage showing him carrying rope and box-tape when he cycled to the vicinity of the deceased’s unit.

28. [446]

    Further, as earlier noted, it was the type of domestic task which was entirely inconsistent with the state of the relationship between the accused and the deceased on that morning.

29. [447]

    There are a number of other parts of the evidence of the accused which I do not accept, which combined with those matters to which I have already referred, lead me to the conclusion with respect to the evidence of the accused that, unless something the accused said was independently corroborated by reliable evidence, or that it was an admission against his own interest, the evidence simply cannot be believed or accepted. It is, in my judgment, not possible that it might be true.

30. [448]

    The further matters are:

31. [449]

    Ultimately, in evidence, the accused was compelled, in cross-examination, to advance an explanation for the prosecution case in this way:

32. [450]

    This patently absurd answer was ultimately the only way that the accused could articulate a response to the Crown case. I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the evidence of Ms Ryan, the investigating police, and Ms Campbell, the FASS scientist, was not made up at all, and certainly not made up for the purpose of closing the case by falsely implicating the accused.

33. [451]

    Just as the accused intentionally gave a false account of the events surrounding the death of the deceased to the police in the course of the Recorded Interview in order to distance himself from being implicated in her death, so too I am satisfied that he has done so whilst giving evidence at this trial. His version of events by which he exculpates himself and seeks to blame an unknown third-party for the deceased’s death is simply not true. There is no possibility at all that his version of events might be true.

34. [452]

    It is clear from my earlier analysis of the evidence that the killing of the deceased is likely to have occurred over a period of 10 minutes or so – that is a short period of time. I have found that there were no signs of any forced entry into the deceased’s unit. There was no damage to the front door of the unit, and the lock was intact when Ms Ryan heard the accused first leaving the unit. When police officers first visited the unit, there were no visible signs of any disruption to the possible entry point from the patio into the unit. In other words, if an intruder had entered through the window as Senior Constable Hayward did, then the intruder must have closed the window and ensured that the air-conditioning duct remained in, or was replaced to, its ordinary position, before attacking the deceased.

35. [453]

    The evidence did not reveal that anyone other than the accused (and the deceased) had entered or left the deceased’s unit. In other words, having regard to the evidence, there was no intruder seen or heard entering or leaving the deceased’s unit. The evidence did not identify any person who may have had a motive to kill the deceased, including Mr Mikkel Isaac. He had no motive to cause the death of the deceased, who was the primary carer for his two young children. The evidence did not provide any facts which could ground a conclusion that an unidentified assailant had entered the deceased’s unit for a criminal purpose, such as robbery, whose criminal enterprise was discovered or interrupted when the deceased came upon it, or for the purpose of assaulting the deceased.

36. [454]

    No DNA profile was developed from any of the swabs taken at the crime scene, and from the deceased or her clothing, which identified any other individual, either male or female. The fact that the swab given reference number R32 by FASS (referred to above at [196]), identified a third contributor, does not support a reasonable possibility that it alone, in the absence of any other DNA of a third person, and in the presence of the widespread occurrence of the DNA of the accused, suggests that the deceased was murdered by an unidentified third‑party assailant.

37. [455]

    For all these reasons, I do not believe that the evidence of the accused was truthful, and I do not accept it as truthful and reliable unless it is corroborated by reliable evidence, or else is a statement made against his interest.

Does the Evidence Establish that the Accused was Intoxicated at the Relevant Time?

1. [456]

   Senior counsel submitted that it was, having regard to the evidence, necessary for the Court to consider whether the accused was under the effect of self‑administered drugs and alcohol to such an extent that at the time of the deceased’s death, he was incapable of forming any subjective intention of the kind necessary to constitute the offence of murder.

2. [457]

   It is convenient, here, to identify and consider the evidence of, or else which may be relevant to, the self‑intoxication of the accused, and the extent to which he was affected.

3. [458]

   Senior counsel for the accused draws attention to various parts of the transcript of the accused’s evidence, to a number of answers given by the accused in the course of the Recorded Interview, and to the general demeanour and appearance of the accused during that interview. He also draws attention to the demeanour of the accused, which can be observed in a number of video clips which were filmed after the accused returned to the Cranebrook property, having destroyed the RAV4 by setting it alight.

4. [459]

   Whilst evidence about what the accused looked like, what he said and what he did after the death of the deceased may have possible relevance, the weight to be given to it will necessarily diminish as the time from the act of killing the deceased passes. That is because the essential question is what the state of the accused’s intoxication was at the time of the deceased’s death. Any later state of intoxication may be affected by a number of factors that were not present at the earlier relevant time, including taking further drugs and drinking more alcohol.

5. [460]

   For the purposes of this analysis, I have taken the evidence of the accused at its highest, even though, as earlier explained, I do not accept the accused as a witness of truth.

6. [461]

   The accused in his evidence-in-chief did not give any evidence about taking drugs or drinking alcohol in the 24-hour period leading up to the death of the accused. Nor did he give any evidence either at all, or to any described extent, about being intoxicated at any time whilst he was in the deceased’s unit prior to her being killed. He did not say that he was intoxicated or felt in any way deprived of the capacity to be capable of forming any specific intention. In fact, the accused’s stated purpose of going to the deceased’s unit with the specific intention of packing up Christmas decorations suggests that he was capable of clear thought and acting with purpose.

7. [462]

   I record this, not because the accused has any onus to prove that he was intoxicated or felt incapable of forming any specific intention at the relevant time, but rather to note that the principal primary source of the state and effect of the accused’s self-intoxication at the relevant time said nothing about being intoxicated.

8. [463]

   In the course of cross-examination on the topic of what the accused had heard when, on his evidence, he had fallen asleep on the couch, the accused said that, on the evening before the deceased’s death, he had taken Valium and Xanax “… because I was running around all night …”. He agreed that these drugs were sedatives but would “backwash … For me, downers are uppers”. No question was asked in cross-examination about the quantity of drugs consumed, nor was there any evidence given about the extent of his self-intoxication on the Monday prior to or at the time of the deceased’s death.

9. [464]

   In re-examination, the accused said that he had been buying and selling drugs during the evening of the Sunday and in the early hours of the morning of the Monday.

10. [465]

    The accused gave this evidence in answer to a question as to whether he had been outside the deceased’s unit during the night:

11. [466]

    There was no other reference to any quantity, or amount, of drugs consumed at the relevant time.

12. [467]

    In the course of the Recorded Interview, in the context of what is now admitted to be a false statement, the accused said that he had no memory of, and no knowledge of, what he did on Monday 16 January. In the context of that statement, he told police that his memory loss was explained by him taking drugs. The following exchange then took place:

13. [468]

    Later on in the Recorded Interview, the accused was asked whether he had anything to drink on the Monday. He said that he had drunk Jack Daniels, or Gentleman Jack. The accused did not know if that was scotch or bourbon. He was asked about the quantity consumed:

14. [469]

    The accused said that, on the Monday, he was completely blind when he was at home through a combination of Gentleman Jack and drugs. He also said that, after he returned home from his bicycle ride, he resumed drinking for hours.

15. [470]

    I have already noted that these statements by the accused to the police were not true and so are not probative of any state of self-intoxication. But even if I was to accept that these statements were true, they would not assist in the proof of the extent of self-intoxication at the time the deceased was killed.

16. [471]

    There was other evidence which casts light on the extent, if any, of the accused’s possible self-intoxication. This evidence includes the CCTV evidence of the accused’s movements in and around the Cranebrook property between about 11.52pm on the Sunday, when the accused rides away from the property on a motorbike, having first put on a vest with some high-visibility reflectors and a safety helmet, in an entirely rational manner and generally behaving without difficulty, up until about 9.02am when the accused rides away from the Cranebrook property on a bicycle and navigates his way over the next 25 minutes or so towards the deceased’s unit.

17. [472]

    During this 9-hour period, the accused is able to:

18. [473]

    My observation of the behaviour of the accused captured over the period just described enables me to conclude that there were no visible or external indicia of any impediment arising from self-intoxication of drugs or alcohol affecting, to the slightest, the capacity of the accused to do all of the things described.

19. [474]

    It is certainly not the case that, on the Sunday evening and up until about 9.30am on the Monday morning, the accused was so affected by self‑intoxication of drugs and alcohol that he was unable to form any specific intention to do any act that he chose so to do. His movements were all purposeful. He knew what he was doing.

20. [475]

    Nothing is revealed by the evidence as to what the accused did between 9.30am or so and around 1.10pm or so, which would account for any change in the state of intoxication of the accused. To the extent that his evidence had any credibility, the accused did not suggest that he took any drugs or drank any alcohol after he let himself into the deceased’s unit.

21. [476]

    The observation of Ms Ryan of the accused as he left the deceased’s unit and walked down to the underground carpark is inconsistent with the accused being intoxicated to such a degree that he was incapable of forming any specific intention.

22. [477]

    On his own evidence, the accused was capable of, and did form, the specific intention of taking the RAV4, including first taking the deceased’s keys, and remembering to collect his phone and charger, and other belongings, and driving quickly, although in a conventional manner, on the correct side of the road, to get away from the unit complex.

23. [478]

    I reject the accused’s submission that I could find, on the evidence, that at the time of the death of the deceased, he was so intoxicated by the taking of drugs or the drinking of alcohol that he was incapable of forming an intention to kill the deceased, or to cause grievous bodily harm. He was not incapable of having the subjective foresight necessary to constitute reckless indifference to human life.

24. [479]

    Shortly put, there is no credible evidence that the accused was intoxicated to such an extent, and all other evidence leading up to and immediately after the killing of the deceased, positively persuades me that he was not so intoxicated. It follows that on the evidence, I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was capable of forming a specific intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm.

Has the Crown Proved that the Accused Killed the Deceased?

1. [480]

   I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the Crown has proved that the accused killed the deceased.

2. [481]

   I have set out above my discernment leading to this conclusion. However, it is convenient to provide a summary of my conclusion in a somewhat different sequence.

3. [482]

   I have put to one side, and not taken into account, any evidence in the trial, or the version given to police in a Recorded Interview, which came from the accused. That is because the accused himself has disavowed the truth of his police interview, and I have disbelieved his evidence, unless it is corroborated by independent reliable evidence or else amounts to an admission against his interest.

4. [483]

   The killing of the deceased occurred against the background of an unsettled relationship in which the accused was showing feelings of jealousy and was unable to accept a relationship of the kind which the deceased wanted. These were conflicts in the relationship existing at the time of the deceased’s death.

5. [484]

   At about 9.00am, when the accused set off to cycle towards the deceased’s unit, he was clearly aware that the deceased had gone to a trial of the work with a prospective employer. He took with him rope and box tape.

6. [485]

   The accused deliberately turned off his mobile phone at about 9.30am and did not switch it back on until a little after 2.00pm. He did so in order to avoid being detected as being in the vicinity of the deceased’s unit when she was killed.

7. [486]

   On his own evidence, the accused was present in the deceased’s unit when she was killed, he left shortly afterwards in the deceased’s RAV4, later returned to the unit with his mother, and ultimately destroyed the deceased’s vehicle by burning it.

8. [487]

   The evidence of Ms Ryan identifies the only male voice coming from the deceased’s unit during the violent physical assault which took place over a relatively short period as being that of the accused and whom she also identified visually when leaving the unit.

9. [488]

   The DNA of the accused was found and identified to a high level of certainty in a significant number of locations which show that the accused must have been involved in the killing of the deceased: namely, on the black ligature used to strangle the deceased and on a part of the white cord; amongst the blood spatters on the door to the deceased’s bedroom, on a shirt, bra, trousers and underpants which the deceased was wearing when she was killed; on her body; in and on her genitals; and under her fingernail. The presence of DNA cannot be explained by any transfer occurring during ordinary domestic activities or any form of domestic cohabitation.

10. [489]

    There is no evidence to support, as even a remote possibility, let alone a reasonable one, the presence of an unidentified male in the deceased’s apartment at the relevant time, who was responsible for killing the deceased. In fact, the evidence is to the contrary of there being a third-party intruder.

11. [490]

    The accused’s conduct after the death of the deceased is consistent only with his being the person responsible for the death of the deceased. He fled the scene rather than calling the police or ambulance; he stole and destroyed the deceased’s RAV4 which he had been driving around to avoid being implicated; he sent out a false text message to the phone of the deceased and to the deceased’s father; and he told lies to the deceased’s father and to police in a Recorded Interview about his whereabouts, knowledge of the death of the deceased and his involvement. He did so for the sole purpose of seeking to avoid being implicated in the death of the deceased.

12. [491]

    All of these matters lead inexorably to my conclusion, of which I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt, that the accused deliberately killed the deceased by strangulation.

13. [492]

    It follows that, notwithstanding the comprehensive submissions of senior counsel for the accused urging me to find that the Crown had not proved that the accused killed the deceased, I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that he did so.

14. [493]

    It is necessary now to consider whether the Crown has satisfied me, beyond reasonable doubt, that at the time the accused deliberately killed the deceased, he had the specific intention necessary for his conduct to amount to murder.

Has the Crown Proved that the Accused Intended to Kill the Deceased?

1. [494]

   Murder is an offence which requires proof beyond reasonable doubt of a specific intention – either to kill or cause grievous bodily harm, or else to act with reckless indifference to human life, which requires subjective forethought of the probability of death from that act.

2. [495]

   Whilst the accused agrees that, if his level of intoxication with drugs or alcohol, or both, were such that he was incapable of forming either of the necessary intentions, or being recklessly indifferent to human life, he would be guilty of manslaughter, having regard to my factual conclusions expressed at [474]-[479] above, the issue of the alternative verdict of manslaughter does not arise.

3. [496]

   The specific intention (or acting reckless indifference) must be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the Crown. The accused does not carry any onus with respect to the disproof of such specific intention.

4. [497]

   Murder is defined as an offence of specific intent: s 428B Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) (“Crimes Act”). Evidence of self-induced intoxication, at the time of the relevant conduct constituting the offence, may be taken into account in deciding whether the accused had the requisite intention: s 428C Crimes Act.

5. [498]

   After a review of the evidence about the extent of the accused’s self‑intoxication, I have earlier concluded that there is no credible evidence that the accused was so intoxicated that he could not form a specific intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm to the deceased.

6. [499]

   Put differently, I am positively satisfied that the accused was capable of forming the intention necessary for a conviction of murder. This issue now being considered is whether the Crown has proved that he had formed such an intention.

7. [500]

   My analysis from the facts proved about how the accused killed the deceased – i.e., the infliction of the blunt force trauma injuries, followed by the deceased being dragged (or forcibly moved) onto the bed, the use of two ligatures wrapped tightly around the deceased’s neck, who was then deliberately strangled by the use of considerable force, at a time when the deceased was vocally and physically resisting the accused, compels me to reach the only conclusion available, which is that the accused intended to kill the deceased when he strangled her.

8. [501]

   If the intention of the accused was only to seriously injure the deceased, he achieved that intention prior to the strangulation. The use of two ligatures, wound tightly three times around the deceased’s neck, clearly demonstrates that the intention of the accused was to kill the deceased.

9. [502]

   I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that, having regard to all of the evidence, including the acts of the accused by which he first assaulted and then strangled the deceased, that he had the specific intention to kill the deceased, and acted upon that intention whilst he strangled her.

Assessment of Person A’s Evidence

1. [503]

   Although it is not necessary for my conclusion that the accused killed the deceased, it is nevertheless appropriate to consider whether I accept the evidence of Person A, and if so, to what extent and what weight can be given to it.

2. [504]

   When describing Person A’s evidence, at [260], I reminded myself that I needed to exercise caution when considering whether to accept Person A’s evidence. I set out the reasons why caution should be exercised, including that the evidence of Person A may simply be unreliable.

3. [505]

   In considering whether or not to accept the evidence of Person A, I need to consider all of the other evidence in the trial, and keep in mind that he is not describing any matter or fact about the death of the deceased, about which he has no direct knowledge. Rather, Person A’s evidence is what he was told by the accused about the deceased’s death and surrounding circumstances.

4. [506]

   In considering whether to accept the evidence, I note the following features:

5. [507]

   I closely observed the demeanour of Person A whilst he was giving evidence. There was nothing about his demeanour which enabled me to conclude whether he was telling the truth or not.

6. [508]

   On balance, I accept that the accused made admissions to Person A, generally, in accordance with what Person A said, as recounted in [273], [275], [278] and [282]. The contents of these conversations were such that only the person responsible for killing the deceased could have known of each of them, and the totality of them. I note that Ms Tsiliris may have made observations of the scene, but it is not suggested that her observations were the source of Person A’s knowledge.

7. [509]

   My acceptance of the identified parts of the evidence of Person A also relies on the fact that the evidence did not identify any possible source or pathway for the provision of information to Person A, except for the accused. For example, there was no co-accused in custody who could have provided such details. Person A had no access to any external media or news reports containing any detail of the death of the deceased. The accused was the only source of information about the death of the accused.

8. [510]

   Accordingly, whilst it is unnecessary for me to base my conclusion about the accused being the person who killed the deceased upon the evidence of Person A, and I do not do so, nevertheless, I record that part of Person A’s evidence, which is contained in the identified paragraphs, is consistent with, and supportive of, my conclusion.

9. [511]

   I do not need to engage in a consideration of whether other parts of the evidence of Person A should be accepted or taken into account. Whatever that evidence was, it does not cause me to doubt the accuracy of Person A’s evidence with respect to the material in the identified paragraphs.

Tendency and Coincidence Evidence

1. [512]

   The Crown tendered evidence to establish a tendency, on the part of the accused, to act in a particular way, namely:

2. [513]

   The Crown also relied upon the evidence for a coincidence purpose – namely, having regard to the evidence of the previous unlawful conduct, the killing of the deceased was not to be innocently explained as a coincidence.

3. [514]

   The Crown tendered either Agreed Facts or else Crown Statements of Facts involving offences committed by the accused, with respect to Ms Cassie Gardiner, Ms Rebecca Swan and Ms Renee Millar.

4. [515]

   The conduct of the accused towards Ms Gardiner occurred in 2011 and involved a forcible kidnapping by the accused of Ms Gardiner, forcing her into the back seat of a vehicle, and directing the driver where to go whilst shouting at the victim about their relationship. The accused prevented Ms Gardiner from leaving the vehicle. The accused was heard by police, when they arrived, repeating to the victim, “Babe, I love you. I love you. I just want to talk to you”.

5. [516]

   The conduct involving Ms Swan occurred after the accused and Ms Swan had been an intimate relationship for about nine months. Early in the morning of 27 December 2012, about six months after the accused and Ms Swan had terminated their relationship, the accused broke into Ms Swan’s premises and entered her bedroom. An argument ensued, in which it became apparent to Ms Swan that the accused had a blue-handled knife in his pocket. Some hours later, Ms Swan awoke to the accused shouting at her about messages that had been found in her phone and condoms that were in her bedside drawer. The accused physically attacked her and squeezed her throat. He forced her to the ground saying, “I should just kill you”.

6. [517]

   The third witness, Ms Millar, was in a relationship with the accused in 2016, after her then partner entered custody for a matter which did not relate to Ms Millar. The accused and Ms Millar developed a relationship which involved the accused staying at her home from time to time. At a time after Ms Millar’s partner had been released from custody, an incident occurred in which the accused, using his vehicle, having pulled up in front of the vehicle in which Ms Millar was a passenger, put his car into reverse and “rammed” and “smashed” his vehicle into the vehicle in which Ms Millar was a passenger. He did so a number of times on that occasion. He then chased Ms Millar’s partner through a paddock with his vehicle.

7. [518]

   The facts shortly recited, which, as I have said, were unchallenged, establish a tendency on the part of the accused to resort to violence in order to engage in, or continue with, a relationship when he desired to do so, in circumstances where his partner did not share such a desire.

8. [519]

   I have come to the conclusions which I have, with respect to the guilt of the accused, without reference to, or any reliance upon, this tendency and coincidence evidence.

9. [520]

   In my view, having regard to the time at which the conduct relied upon occurred, namely at least 7 years, and up to 11 years, before the offence here, and the difference in the nature of the offences, no weight can be placed upon the evidence for either tendency or coincidence purposes, and I do not do so. Whilst I have not given any weight to the established tendency as a circumstance supporting the guilt of the accused, I do note that it is not a circumstance which provides any support for the accused’s denial of his involvement.

Conclusion

1. [521]

   On analysis of the facts proved by the Crown, I have been satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused deliberately physicallyl assaulted and then strangled the deceased, thereby causing her death.

2. [522]

   The Crown has proved beyond reasonable doubt that there was no unidentified third party intruder in the deceased’s unit who murdered the deceased whilst the accused was present but asleep.

3. [523]

   The Crown has proved beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was not so affected by self‑intoxication of drugs or alcohol that he was incapable for forming any specific intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm to the deceased.

4. [524]

   For all of these reasons, I have been satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty of the offence of murder, as charged.

5. [525]

   I enter the following conviction: